Computation of the frequency response of a nonlinearly loaded antenna within a cavity

We analyze a nonlinearly loaded dipole antenna which is located within a rectangular cavity and excited by an electromagnetic signal. The signal is composed from two different frequencies. In order to calculate the spectrum of the resulting electromagnetic field within the resonator we transform the antenna problem into a network problem. This requires to precisely determine the antenna impedance within the cavity. The resulting nonlinear equivalent network is solved by means of the harmonic balance technique. As a result the occurrence of low intermodulation frequencies within the spectrum is verified

On network representations of antennas inside resonating environments

We discuss network representations of dipole antennas within electromagnetic cavities. It is pointed out that for a given configuration these representations are not unique. For an efficient evaluation a network representation should be chosen such that it involves as few network elements as possible. The field theoretical analogue of this circumstance is the possibility to express electromagnetic cavities' Green's functions by representations which exhibit different convergence properties. An explicit example of a dipole antenna within a rectangular cavity clarifies the corresponding interrelation between network theory and electromagnetic field theory. As an application, current spectra are calculated for the case that the antenna is nonlinearly loaded and subject to a two-tone excitation

Sharp estimates for solutions to elliptic problems with mixed boundary conditions

We show, using symmetrization techniques, that it is possible to prove a comparison principle (we are mainly focused on $L^1$ comparison) between solutions to an elliptic partial differential equation on a smooth bounded set $\Omega$ with a rather general boundary condition, and solutions to a suitable related problem defined on a ball having the same volume as $\Omega$. This includes for instance mixed problems where Dirichlet boundary conditions are prescribed on part of the boundary, while Robin boundary conditions are prescribed on its complement

Symmetry breaking in a constrained cheeger type isoperimetric inequality

The study of the optimal constant Kq(Ω) in the Sobolev inequality ∥u∥Lq(Ω) ≤ 1/Kq(Ω)∥Du∥(double-struck Rn), 1 ≤ q < 1∗, for BV functions which are zero outside Ω and with zero mean value inside Ω, leads to the definition of a Cheeger type constant. We are interested in finding the best possible embedding constant in terms of the measure of Ω alone. We set up an optimal shape problem and we completely characterize, on varying the exponent q, the behaviour of optimal domains. Among other things we establish the existence of a threshold value 1 ≤ q < 1∗ above which the symmetry of optimal domains is broken. Several differences between the cases n = 2 and n ≥ 3 are emphasized

Feasibility of evaluation of the natural history of kidney disease in the general population using electronic healthcare records

Background: Knowledge about the nature of long-term changes in kidney function in the general population is sparse. We aim to identify whether primary care electronic healthcare records capture sufficient information to study the natural history of kidney disease. / Methods: The National Chronic Kidney Disease Audit database covers ∼14% of the population of England and Wales. Availability of repeat serum creatinine tests was evaluated by risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and individual changes over time in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were estimated using linear regression. Sensitivity of estimation to method of evaluation of eGFR compared laboratory-reported eGFR and recalculated eGFR (using laboratory-reported creatinine), to uncover any impact of historical creatinine calibration issues on slope estimation. / Results: Twenty-five per cent of all adults, 92% of diabetics and 96% of those with confirmed CKD had at least three creatinine tests, spanning a median of 5.7 years, 6.2 years and 6.1 years, respectively. Median changes in laboratory-reported eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2/year) were −1.32 (CKD) and −0.60 (diabetes). Median changes in recalculated eGFR were −0.98 (CKD) and −0.11 (diabetes), underestimating decline. Magnitude of underestimation (and between-patient variation in magnitude) decreased with deteriorating eGFR. For CKD Stages 3, 4 and 5 (at latest eGFR), median slopes were −1.27, −2.49 and -3.87 for laboratory-reported eGFR and −0.89, −2.26 and −3.75 for recalculated eGFR. / Conclusions: Evaluation of long-term changes in renal function will be possible in those at greatest risk if methods are identified to overcome creatinine calibration problems. Bias will be reduced by focussing on patients with confirmed CKD

A formal framework for a nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation

The analogy between electrodynamics and the translational gauge theory of gravity is employed in this paper to develop an ansatz for a nonlocal generalization of Einstein's theory of gravitation. Working in the linear approximation, we show that the resulting nonlocal theory is equivalent to general relativity with "dark matter". The nature of the predicted "dark matter", which is the manifestation of the nonlocal character of gravity in our model, is briefly discussed. It is demonstrated that this approach can provide a basis for the Tohline-Kuhn treatment of the astrophysical evidence for dark matter.Comment: 13 pages RevTex, no figures; v2: minor corrections, reference added, matches published versio

Axial Torsion-Dirac spin Effect in Rotating Frame with Relativistic Factor

In the framework of spacetime with torsion and without curvature, the Dirac particle spin precession in the rotational system is studied. We write out the equivalent tetrad of rotating frame, in the polar coordinate system, through considering the relativistic factor, and the resultant equivalent metric is a flat Minkowski one. The obtained rotation-spin coupling formula can be applied to the high speed rotating case, which is consistent with the expectation.Comment: 6 page

The prion gene is associated with human long-term memory

Human cognitive processes are highly variable across individuals and are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Although genetic variations affect short-term memory in humans, it is unknown whether genetic variability has also an impact on long-term memory. Because prion-like conformational changes may be involved in the induction of long-lasting synaptic plasticity, we examined the impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the prion protein gene (PRNP) on long-term memory in healthy young humans. SNPs in the genomic region of PRNP were associated with better long-term memory performance in two independent populations with different educational background. Among the examined PRNP SNPs, the common Met129Val polymorphism yielded the highest effect size. Twenty-four hours after a word list-learning task, carriers of either the 129MM or the 129MV genotype recalled 17% more information than 129VV carriers, but short-term memory was unaffected. These results suggest a role for the prion protein in the formation of long-term memory in human