4,099 research outputs found
Surface characterization of selected LDEF tray clamps
The surface characterization of chromic acid anodized 6061-T6 aluminum alloy tray clamps has shown differences in surface chemistry depending upon the position on the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). Water contact angle results showed no changes in wettability of the tray clamps. The overall surface topography of the control, trailing edge(E3) and leading edge(D9) samples was similar. The thickness of the aluminum oxide layer for all samples determined by Auger depth profiling was less than one micron. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the tray clamps showed significant differences in the surface composition. Carbon and silicon containing compounds were the primary contaminants detected
The interaction of fingermark deposits on metal surfaces and potential ways for visualisation
The interaction of fingermark deposits on metals has been examined by a variety of techniques. Visualisation by film growth has been the main area of investigation through: thermal oxidation, anodising, peroxide solution, and the interaction with vapour of iodine and ammonium sulphide. Corrosion of the underlying metal has also been examined as an alternative means of visualisation. Confocal microscopy was used to look at the film thickness and corrosion products around the prints. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion of X-rays (SEM-EDX) examined a number of metal samples to investigate film growth and the elemental distribution. The observations suggest that differential oxidation was occurring as well as corrosion into the metal. Fingermark deposits on metals can corrode into the metal depending on the reactivity of the metal and leave a recoverable mark. However, fingermark deposits can also alter the rate of chemical reaction of the substrate metal by oxidation. In some cases organic matter can inhibit reaction, both when forming an oxide layer and when corroding the metal. However, signs of third level detail from pore contact may also be visible and the monovalent ions from salts could also influence film growth. Whilst further work would need to be carried out to decide whether any of these techniques may have application in fingermark recovery, this study does suggest that fingermarks on metals may be recoverable after incidents such as fires or immersion in water
Local states of free bose fields
These notes contain an extended version of lectures given at the ``Summer
School on Large Coulomb Systems'' in Nordfjordeid, Norway, in august 2003. They
furnish a short introduction to the theory of quantum harmonic systems, or free
bose fields. The main issue addressed is the one of local states. I will adopt
the definition of Knight of ``strictly local excitation of the vacuum'' and
will then state and prove a generalization of Knight's Theorem which asserts
that finite particle states cannot be perfectly localized. It will furthermore
be explained how Knight's a priori counterintuitive result can be readily
understood if one remembers the analogy between finite and infinite dimensional
harmonic systems alluded to above. I will also discuss the link between the
above result and the so-called Newton-Wigner position operator thereby
illuminating, I believe, the difficulties associated with the latter. I will in
particular argue that those difficulties do not find their origin in special
relativity or in any form of causality violation, as is usually claimed
Quantum Electrodynamics in Two-Dimensions at Finite Temperature. Thermofield Bosonization Approach
The Schwinger model at finite temperature is analyzed using the Thermofield
Dynamics formalism. The operator solution due to Lowenstein and Swieca is
generalized to the case of finite temperature within the thermofield
bosonization approach. The general properties of the statistical-mechanical
ensemble averages of observables in the Hilbert subspace of gauge invariant
thermal states are discussed. The bare charge and chirality of the Fermi
thermofields are screened, giving rise to an infinite number of mutually
orthogonal thermal ground states. One consequence of the bare charge and
chirality selection rule at finite temperature is that there are innumerably
many thermal vacuum states with the same total charge and chirality of the
doubled system. The fermion charge and chirality selection rules at finite
temperature turn out to imply the existence of a family of thermal theta vacua
states parametrized with the same number of parameters as in zero temperature
case. We compute the thermal theta-vacuum expectation value of the mass
operator and show that the analytic expression of the chiral condensate for any
temperature is easily obtained within this approach, as well as, the
corresponding high-temperature behavior
Nonlinear Dynamics of the Perceived Pitch of Complex Sounds
We apply results from nonlinear dynamics to an old problem in acoustical
physics: the mechanism of the perception of the pitch of sounds, especially the
sounds known as complex tones that are important for music and speech
intelligibility
On "full" twisted Poincare' symmetry and QFT on Moyal-Weyl spaces
We explore some general consequences of a proper, full enforcement of the
"twisted Poincare'" covariance of Chaichian et al. [14], Wess [50], Koch et al.
[34], Oeckl [41] upon many-particle quantum mechanics and field quantization on
a Moyal-Weyl noncommutative space(time). This entails the associated braided
tensor product with an involutive braiding (or -tensor product in the
parlance of Aschieri et al. [3,4]) prescription for any coordinates pair of
generating two different copies of the space(time); the associated
nontrivial commutation relations between them imply that is central and
its Poincar\'e transformation properties remain undeformed. As a consequence,
in QFT (even with space-time noncommutativity) one can reproduce notions (like
space-like separation, time- and normal-ordering, Wightman or Green's
functions, etc), impose constraints (Wightman axioms), and construct free or
interacting theories which essentially coincide with the undeformed ones, since
the only observable quantities involve coordinate differences. In other words,
one may thus well realize QM and QFT's where the effect of space(time)
noncommutativity amounts to a practically unobservable common noncommutative
translation of all reference frames.Comment: Latex file, 24 pages. Final version to appear in PR
Effective Lagrangians in Dimensions
The failure of the the loop expansion and effective lagrangians in two
dimensions, which traditionally hinges on a power counting argument is
considered. We establish that the book keeping device for the loop expansion, a
role played by (the reciprocal of) the pion-decay constant itself vanishes for
, thereby going beyond the power counting argument. We point the
connection of our results to the distinct phases of the candidate for the
effective lagrangians, the non-linear sigma model, in , and
eventually for . In light of our results, we recall some of the relavant
features of the multi-flavor Schwinger and large as candidates
for the underlying theory in .Comment: 13 pages plain LaTeX, to be run twice. Replaced with expanded and
corrected version. One footnote adde
Two classes of generalized functions used in nonlocal field theory
We elucidate the relation between the two ways of formulating causality in
nonlocal quantum field theory: using analytic test functions belonging to the
space (which is the Fourier transform of the Schwartz space )
and using test functions in the Gelfand-Shilov spaces . We prove
that every functional defined on has the same carrier cones as its
restrictions to the smaller spaces . As an application of this
result, we derive a Paley-Wiener-Schwartz-type theorem for arbitrarily singular
generalized functions of tempered growth and obtain the corresponding extension
of Vladimirov's algebra of functions holomorphic on a tubular domain.Comment: AMS-LaTeX, 12 pages, no figure
Relativistic resonances: Their masses, widths, lifetimes, superposition, and causal evolution
Whether one starts form the analytic S-matrix definition or the requirement
of gauge parameter independence in renormalization theory, a relativistic
resonance is given by a pole at a complex value s of energy squared. The
complex number s does not define the mass and width separately and this
definition does not lead to interfering Breit-Wigner if two or more resonances
are involved. To accomplish both we invoke the decaying particle aspect of a
resonance and associate to each pole a space of relativistic Gamow kets which
transform irreducibly under causal Poincare transformations. A Gamow state has
an exponential time evolution and one can choose of the many possible width
parameters, that parameter as the width of the relativistic resonance which
equals the inverse lifetime. This uniquely defines the mass and width
parameters for a relativistic resonance. Two or more poles in the same partial
wave are given by the sum of Breit-Wigners in the scattering amplitude and by a
superposition of Gamow vectors with each Gamow vector corresponding to one
Breit-Wigner. In addition to the sum of Breit-Wigners the scattering amplitude
contains a background amplitude representing direct production of the final
state (contact terms).This contact amplitude is associated to a background
vector which is a continuous superposition of Lippmann-Schwinger states.
Omitting this continuum gives the Weisskopf-Wigner approximation.Comment: 22 pages, REVTe
Zitterbewegung and semiclassical observables for the Dirac equation
In a semiclassical context we investigate the Zitterbewegung of relativistic
particles with spin 1/2 moving in external fields. It is shown that the
analogue of Zitterbewegung for general observables can be removed to arbitrary
order in \hbar by projecting to dynamically almost invariant subspaces of the
quantum mechanical Hilbert space which are associated with particles and
anti-particles. This not only allows to identify observables with a
semiclassical meaning, but also to recover combined classical dynamics for the
translational and spin degrees of freedom. Finally, we discuss properties of
eigenspinors of a Dirac-Hamiltonian when these are projected to the almost
invariant subspaces, including the phenomenon of quantum ergodicity
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