\African-centered Psychology, Education and the Liberation of African Minds: Notes on the Psycho-Cultural Justification for Reparations

One means through which reparations can be provided to communities of African descent within America is through the creation and institutionalization of culturally enriching after-school programming, African-centered Saturday schools and independent Black educational institutions. Rather than looking to reparations as merely financial compensation for the descendants of the formerly enslaved, we can look to reparations as they relate to the building of educational infrastructures that will impact future generations of African descendants in America. This essay outlines the psychological and epistemological consequences of miseducation that many students of African descent experience within the Eurocentrically orientated education institutions they attend; The reclamation and revitalization of an African epistemology situates African people within their own cultural reality and allows them to stand firmly grounded in their cultural truth. We propose that reparations allocated through African-centered cultural enrichment programs that refute, counter and correct historical and cultural amnesia are critical as viable means for providing African descended people with the necessary tools needed in order to exist and flourish within the 21st century and beyond

A Critical Review And Analysis Of The State, Scope And Direction Of African-Centered Psychology From 2000-2010

This study focuses primarily upon the current state of African-centered psychology through the pages of the Journal of Black Psychology (JBP). Recent literature on African-centered psychology is reviewed and articles published in the JBP from 2000-2010 relative to African-centered psychology are examined. The results of the content analysis of empirical or theoretical articles within the JBP indicated that 90% (n = 221) of the articles were empirical and 10% (n = 25) were theoretical. The results of the content analysis of the schools of thought/ideological orientations within the JBP indicate the following: (1) 30%of the articles (n = 73) were integrationist/assimilationist; 59.0% of the articles (n =146) were African American Nationalist and 11% of the articles (n = 27) were Pan Africanist/African-centered

Lymphome de Burkitt pédiatrique à révélation orl : quelle prise en charge en milieu sub sahélien ? réflexion sur trois cas

Le lymphome de Burkitt dans sa forme Africaine peut se manifester sous des signes d’emprunt ORL à type de tuméfaction orbito-maxillo-faciale. Le diagnostic peut être fait par les ORL à travers un faisceau de signes cliniques et une cytoponction. La prise en charge se fait dans des unités d’oncologie médicale ou le bilan d’extension et le lancement de la chimiothérapie sont des impératifs incontournables. Actuellement cette tumeur à potentiel très agressif répond à une poly chimiothérapie bien conduite.Mots-clés : Lymphome de Burkitt, cancer, voies aérodigestives supérieures, oncologie pédiatriqu

Blue light-emitting diode based on ZnO

A near-band-edge bluish electroluminescence (EL) band centered at around 440 nm was observed from ZnO p-i-n homojunction diodes through a semi-transparent electrode deposited on the p-type ZnO top layer. The EL peak energy coincided with the photoluminescence peak energy of an equivalent p-type ZnO layer, indicating that the electron injection from the n-type layer to the p-type layer dominates the current, giving rise to the radiative recombination in the p-type layer. The imbalance in charge injection is considered to originate from the lower majority carrier concentration in the p-type layer, which is one or two orders of magnitude lower than that in the n-type one. The current-voltage characteristics showed the presence of series resistance of several hundreds ohms, corresponding to the current spread resistance within the bottom n-type ZnO. The employment of conducting ZnO substrates may solve the latter problem.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. in pres

Facteurs Explicatifs de la Pratique Contraceptive Moderne des Femmes Fréquentant les Formations Sanitaires du District de Youwarou au Mali

Objectif : Mettre en exergue les déterminants de la pratique contraceptive moderne des femmes fréquentant les centres de santé du district de Youwarou au Mali. L’étude part du constat que la situation sanitaire est non satisfaisante avec un faible taux de fréquentation des centres de santé qui est de 15 %, exacerbée par la crise sécuritaire déclenchée en 2012. Ainsi, le taux d’utilisation des méthodes contraceptives modernes est également très faible soit 1,07%. En effet, l’utilisation de la contraception moderne selon la cinquième Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali (EDSM-5) est de 9,6% au niveau national et de 2,7% dans la région de Mopti. Méthode : Etude transversale quantitative dont l’enquête fut réalisée du 1er mai au 30 juin 2015, et a porté sur 200 femmes âgées de 15-49 ans fréquentant les 07 centres de santé dans le district de Youwarou. Les données collectées par un questionnaire ont été vérifiées, compilées à l’aide du logiciel le Sphinx Plus² version 4.5, puis transférées sur le logiciel stata 10 pour l’analyse statistique. Pour l’analyse des données, nous avons eu recours à deux méthodes dans ce travail : la méthode d’analyse descriptive (analyse bivariée) et la méthode d’analyse explicative (analyse multivariée). Résultats : L’étude montrent que la prévalence contraceptive moderne est de 8,8%. Les femmes de centre de Guidio-sare utilisent les contraceptives modernes plus que leurs consoeurs du district. Enfin les déterminants de la pratique contraceptive sont notamment l’ethnie, l’âge et le statut matrimonial de la femme. Conclusion : A la lumière de cette étude, nous suggérons qu’un accent particulier doit être mis sur les déterminants révélés afin de promouvoir les méthodes contraceptives modernes. Objective: Highlight the determinants of modern contraceptive practice among women attending health centers in the Youwarou health district of Mali. The study was carried out based on the observation that the health situation is unsatisfactory with a low utilization rate of health centers is 15%, exacerbated by the security crisis triggered in 2012. Thus, the rate of use of modern contraceptive methods is also very low is 1.07%. Indeed, the use of modern contraception according to the fifth Demographic and Health Survey of Mali (EDSM-5) is 9.6% at the national level and 2.7% in the Mopti region. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out from May 1th to June 30th 2015, and covered 200 women aged 15-49 attending the 07 health centers in the district of Youwarou. The data collected by a questionnaire was verified, compiled using the software Sphinx Plus² version 4.5, and then transferred to the Stata 10 software for statistical analysis. For data analysis, two methods were used in this work: the descriptive analysis method (bivariate analysis) and the explanatory analysis method (multivariate analysis). Results: The study shows that modern contraceptive prevalence is 8.8%. women of Guidio-sare Center use modern contraceptives more than their sisters of district. Finally, the determinants of contraceptive practice include the ethnicity, age and marital status of women. Conclusion: In the light of this study, we suggest that emphasis should be placed on the identified determinants in order to promote modern contraceptive methods

Evaluation of OpenAI Codex for HPC Parallel Programming Models Kernel Generation

We evaluate AI-assisted generative capabilities on fundamental numerical kernels in high-performance computing (HPC), including AXPY, GEMV, GEMM, SpMV, Jacobi Stencil, and CG. We test the generated kernel codes for a variety of language-supported programming models, including (1) C++ (e.g., OpenMP [including offload], OpenACC, Kokkos, SyCL, CUDA, and HIP), (2) Fortran (e.g., OpenMP [including offload] and OpenACC), (3) Python (e.g., numba, Numba, cuPy, and pyCUDA), and (4) Julia (e.g., Threads, CUDA.jl, AMDGPU.jl, and KernelAbstractions.jl). We use the GitHub Copilot capabilities powered by OpenAI Codex available in Visual Studio Code as of April 2023 to generate a vast amount of implementations given simple + + prompt variants. To quantify and compare the results, we propose a proficiency metric around the initial 10 suggestions given for each prompt. Results suggest that the OpenAI Codex outputs for C++ correlate with the adoption and maturity of programming models. For example, OpenMP and CUDA score really high, whereas HIP is still lacking. We found that prompts from either a targeted language such as Fortran or the more general-purpose Python can benefit from adding code keywords, while Julia prompts perform acceptably well for its mature programming models (e.g., Threads and CUDA.jl). We expect for these benchmarks to provide a point of reference for each programming model's community. Overall, understanding the convergence of large language models, AI, and HPC is crucial due to its rapidly evolving nature and how it is redefining human-computer interactions.Comment: Accepted at the Sixteenth International Workshop on Parallel Programming Models and Systems Software for High-End Computing (P2S2), 2023 to be held in conjunction with ICPP 2023: The 52nd International Conference on Parallel Processing. 10 pages, 6 figures, 5 table

Flambée des prix alimentaires internationaux : opportunité ou désastre pour les populations les plus pauvres ?

This article suggests a conceptual framework for analyzing the consequences of the recent prices increase on the poorest people in the world. The complexity of mechanisms at work is demonstrated. At the global level, the analysis points out that Sub Saharan Africa exhibits the worst situation but a high diversity exists between nations. Three countries were chosen for an analysis of local markets and households impacts (Cameroon, Mali and Senegal). In Senegal prices transmission on local markets is important and negative impacts on poor households are observed. By contrast domestic prices exhibit very few changes in Mali. Cameroon exhibits an intermediate situation between these two cases. ...French Abstract : Cet article propose et applique un cadre d'analyse pour l'étude des conséquences de la flambée des prix des denrées alimentaires sur les populations pauvres des pays du Sud. Il met en évidence la complexité des mécanismes à l'oeuvre et la diversité des cas. Parmi les grands ensembles régionaux, l'Afrique Sub-saharienne apparaît particulièrement exposée à des impacts négatifs, mais les situations sont contrastées d'une nation à l'autre. Trois pays sont retenus pour une analyse au niveau des marchés locaux et des ménages (Cameroun, Mali, Sénégal). Au Sénégal, la contagion aux prix alimentaires intérieurs est la plus importante, elle a des conséquences négatives sur les ménages, en particulier les plus pauvres. Au Mali par contre, on note très peu d'impacts sur les marchés domestiques. Le Cameroun illustre une situation intermédiaire entre ces deux extrêmes.FOOD PRICES INCREASE; PRICES TRANSMISSION; FOOD TRADE; POVERTY; FLAMBEE DES PRIX ALIMENTAIRES; CONNEXION DES MARCHES NATIONAUX ET INTERNATIONAUX; COMMERCE ALIMENTAIRE; PAUVRETE

Immunoelectron Microscopic Characterization of Vasopressin-Producing Neurons in the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis of Non-Human Primates by Use of Formaldehyde-Fixed Tissues Stored at-25 degrees C for Several Years

Translational research often requires the testing of experimental therapies in primates, but research in non-human primates is now stringently controlled by law around the world. Tissues fixed in formaldehyde without glutaraldehyde have been thought to be inappropriate for use in electron microscopic analysis, particularly those of the brain. Here we report the immunoelectron microscopic characterization of arginine vasopressin (AVP)-producing neurons in macaque hypothalamo-pituitary axis tissues fixed by perfusion with 4% formaldehyde and stored at -25 degrees C for several years (4-6 years). The size difference of dense-cored vesicles between magnocellular and parvocellular AVP neurons was detectable in their cell bodies and perivascular nerve endings located, respectively, in the posterior pituitary and median eminence. Furthermore, glutamate and the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 could be colocalized with AVP in perivascular nerve endings of both the posterior pituitary and the external layer of the median eminence, suggesting that both magnocellular and parvocellular AVP neurons are glutamatergic in primates. Both ultrastructure and immunoreactivity can therefore be sufficiently preserved in macaque brain tissues stored long-term, initially for light microscopy. Taken together, these results suggest that this methodology could be applied to the human post-mortem brain and be very useful in translational research

Comparing Llama-2 and GPT-3 LLMs for HPC kernels generation

We evaluate the use of the open-source Llama-2 model for generating well-known, high-performance computing kernels (e.g., AXPY, GEMV, GEMM) on different parallel programming models and languages (e.g., C++: OpenMP, OpenMP Offload, OpenACC, CUDA, HIP; Fortran: OpenMP, OpenMP Offload, OpenACC; Python: numpy, Numba, pyCUDA, cuPy; and Julia: Threads, CUDA.jl, AMDGPU.jl). We built upon our previous work that is based on the OpenAI Codex, which is a descendant of GPT-3, to generate similar kernels with simple prompts via GitHub Copilot. Our goal is to compare the accuracy of Llama-2 and our original GPT-3 baseline by using a similar metric. Llama-2 has a simplified model that shows competitive or even superior accuracy. We also report on the differences between these foundational large language models as generative AI continues to redefine human-computer interactions. Overall, Copilot generates codes that are more reliable but less optimized, whereas codes generated by Llama-2 are less reliable but more optimized when correct.Comment: Accepted at LCPC 2023, The 36th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing http://www.lcpcworkshop.org/LCPC23/ . 13 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl