О повышении экономической и экологической эффективности процесса водоприготовления

The paper contains results of the investigations pertaining to specific volume and composition of neutral and acid portions of the used reclaiming solution of H-cationic filters used in a chemical desalting plant. The filters operate in accordance with small run-off technology and they are applied for regeneration of Na-cationic filter and acidification of limed water for replenishment of a heating system.Приведены результаты исследований удельного объема и составов нейтральных и кислых частей отработанного регенерационного раствора Н-катионитных фильтров химобессоливающей установки, работающих по малосточной технологии и использование их для регенерации Ка-катионитного фильтра и подкисления известкованной воды для подпитки тепловой сети

О НОВОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПОДГОТОВКИ ГОРЯЧЕЙ ПИТЬЕВОЙ ВОДЫ

The present article contains information concerning the new Cl-anionization technology in the preparation of hot drinking water. In contrast with water softening, that replaces all the hardness salts by sodium cations in the cation exchanger, this new technology makes it possible to replace incrustating HCO3̄ and SO42--anions in a strong-base anion exchanger by Cl⁻-ions. As a result, the incrustation on the surfaces of heating hot water heaters is prevented. Thus, cations of hardness that are valuable for the human body remain in the water, the quality of the latter conforming to drinking water quality. Considering the important role of calcium and magnesium in the human body, in Germany and Turkey the minimum value of hardness cations in drinking water is limited to 2.85 and 7.50 mg-Eqv/l, respectively. According to the World Health Organization, in the composition of drinking water, the concentration of cations of magnesium and calcium is recommended, respectively, within 10–(20–30), and 20–50 mg/l; the minimum value of total hardness is 2–4 mg-Eqv/l. According to the developed technology drinking water is passed consistently in the downward direction through the mechanical and chlorineanionite exchanger filters. In the latter, the main part of HCO3̄ and SO42--water ions are exchanged for Cl-anions of anionite. Then the water is collected in the tank, from where it is pumped to the hot water heater through the ultraviolet disinfection unit. After the depletion of the anionite by HCO3̄ and SO42--anions, it is regenerated by a solution of 8–12 % NaCl. The results of research by the anion exchangers Purolite A200EMBCl and AB-17-8 are plotted. It is noted that when the specific consumption of salt for regeneration is of about 45–55 kg/m³, working exchange capacity of the A200EMBCl occurs to be in the range 300–370 g-Eqv/m³. For anionization of water, the residual concentration of HCO3̄-ions are changed from 0.5 to 3.2 mg-Eqv/l. The average concentration of these anions occurs to be between 1.8 and 2.2 mg-Eqv/l, when their initial value is 4.4 mg-Eqv/l.В статье приводятся сведения о новой технологии Cl-анионирования при подготовке горячей питьевой воды. Указанная технология в отличие от умягчения воды, где все соли жесткости замещаются в катионите катионами натрия, позволяет заменить накипеобразующие HCO-/3- и SO(2-)/4 -анионы в сильноосновном анионите Cl⁻-ионами. В результате предотвращается образование накипи на поверхностях нагрева подогревателей горячего водоснабжения. Таким образом, ценные для человеческого организма катионы жесткости остаются в составе воды, и ее качество удовлетворяет качеству питьевой воды. Учитывая важную роль кальция и магния для человеческого организма, в Германии и Турции ограничивается минимальное значение катионов жесткости в питьевой воде соответственно до 2,85 и 7,50 мг-экв/л. По данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения, в составе питьевой воды концентрация катионов магния и кальция рекомендуется соответственно в пределах 10–(20–30) и 20–50 мг/л; минимальное значение общей жесткости 2–4 мг-экв/л. Согласно разработанной технологии питьевая вода последовательно в направлении сверху вниз пропускается через механический и хлор-анионитный фильтры. В последнем основная часть HCO-/3- и SO(2-)/4-ионов воды обменивается на Cl-анионы анионита. Далее вода собирается в бак, откуда насосом через аппарат ультрафиолетовой дезинфекции подается в подогреватель горячего водоснабжения. После истощения анионита SO(2-)/4- и HCO-/3-анионами осуществляется его регенерация раствором (8–12)%-й NaCl. Излагаются результаты исследований анионитами Purolite A200EMBCl и АВ-17-8. Отмечается, что при удельном расходе соли на регенерацию около 45–55 кг/м³ рабочая обменная емкость A200EMBCl получается в пределах 300–370 г-экв/м³. При анионировании воды остаточная концентрация HCO-/3-ионов изменялась в пределах от 0,5 до 3,2 мг-экв/л. Средняя концентрация этих анионов при исходном их значении, равном 4,4 мг-экв/л, получилась в пределах от 1,8 до 2,2 мг-экв/л

ОБ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ЧИСТЫХ И РЕСУРСОСБЕРЕГАЮЩИХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯХ ВОДОПРИГОТОВЛЕНИЯ

New highly-efficient, ecologically safe and resource saving technologies of chemical desalination and softening of fresh and salt water are developed and proposed in the paper.Разработаны и предложены к внедрению новые высокоэффективные, экологически чистые и ресурсосберегающие технологии химобессоливания и умягчения пресных и соленых вод

Changing the Potential Energy and the Interaction Force of a Diatomic Molecule

In order to break the interatomic bonds, a transition needs to occur from a state of stable equilibrium into a state of unstable equilibrium. The fracture occurs for lower dissociation levels of energy, which depends on the number of elements in the chain, which shows that the discrepancy bet

Oxygen-rich microporous carbons with exceptional hydrogen storage capacity

Porous carbons have been extensively investigated for hydrogen storage but, to date, appear to have an upper limit to their storage capacity. Here, in an effort to circumvent this upper limit, we explore the potential of oxygen-rich activated carbons. We describe cellulose acetatederived carbons that combine high surface area (3800 m2 g-1) and pore volume (1.8 cm3 g-1) that arise almost entirely (> 90%) from micropores, with an oxygen-rich nature. The carbons exhibit enhanced gravimetric hydrogen uptake (8.1 wt% total, and 7.0 wt% excess) at -196 ºC and 20 bar, rising to a total uptake of 8.9 wt% at 30 bar, and exceptional volumetric uptake of 44 g l-1 at 20 bar, and 48 g l-1 at 30 bar. At room temperature they store up to 0.8 wt% (excess) and 1.2 wt% (total) hydrogen at only 30 bar, and their isosteric heat of hydrogen adsorption is above 10 kJ mol-1

Improvement of Economical and Ecological Efficiency of Water Preparation Process

The paper contains results of the investigations pertaining to specific volume and composition of neutral and acid portions of the used reclaiming solution of H-cationic filters used in a chemical desalting plant. The filters operate in accordance with small run-off technology and they are applied for regeneration of Na-cationic filter and acidification of limed water for replenishment of a heating system

ECOLOGICALLY SAFE AND RESOURCE SAVING TECHNOLOGIES OF WATER PREPARATION

New highly-efficient, ecologically safe and resource saving technologies of chemical desalination and softening of fresh and salt water are developed and proposed in the paper

ON A NEW TECHNOLOGY OF PREPARATION OF HOT DRINKING WATER

The present article contains information concerning the new Cl-anionization technology in the preparation of hot drinking water. In contrast with water softening, that replaces all the hardness salts by sodium cations in the cation exchanger, this new technology makes it possible to replace incrustating HCO3̄ and SO42--anions in a strong-base anion exchanger by Cl⁻-ions. As a result, the incrustation on the surfaces of heating hot water heaters is prevented. Thus, cations of hardness that are valuable for the human body remain in the water, the quality of the latter conforming to drinking water quality. Considering the important role of calcium and magnesium in the human body, in Germany and Turkey the minimum value of hardness cations in drinking water is limited to 2.85 and 7.50 mg-Eqv/l, respectively. According to the World Health Organization, in the composition of drinking water, the concentration of cations of magnesium and calcium is recommended, respectively, within 10–(20–30), and 20–50 mg/l; the minimum value of total hardness is 2–4 mg-Eqv/l. According to the developed technology drinking water is passed consistently in the downward direction through the mechanical and chlorineanionite exchanger filters. In the latter, the main part of HCO3̄ and SO42--water ions are exchanged for Cl-anions of anionite. Then the water is collected in the tank, from where it is pumped to the hot water heater through the ultraviolet disinfection unit. After the depletion of the anionite by HCO3̄ and SO42--anions, it is regenerated by a solution of 8–12 % NaCl. The results of research by the anion exchangers Purolite A200EMBCl and AB-17-8 are plotted. It is noted that when the specific consumption of salt for regeneration is of about 45–55 kg/m³, working exchange capacity of the A200EMBCl occurs to be in the range 300–370 g-Eqv/m³. For anionization of water, the residual concentration of HCO3̄-ions are changed from 0.5 to 3.2 mg-Eqv/l. The average concentration of these anions occurs to be between 1.8 and 2.2 mg-Eqv/l, when their initial value is 4.4 mg-Eqv/l

TREATMENT OF OPEN FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE SHIN, COMPLICATED BY DEFECTS OF SOFT TISSUE

The study retrospectively and prospectively studied the results of treatment of 42 patients with open fractures of the shin bones, complicated by soft tissue defects. Patients, conditionally divided into the control (n = 28) and the main group (n = 14), were treated at the traumatology department of the AF RSCEMP in the period from 2015 to 2019.In the treatment of patients in the study group, the identified algorithm of urgent plastic surgery of soft tissue defects in patients with open fractures of the shin bones. Used complex, that is - clinical, laboratory, radiological and statistical research methods

Influence of hydrochemical indicators on the age and density of bivalve molluscs, spread in the lower reaches of the Zarafshan river

Hydrochemical parameters of water in ecosystems of Gijdivan district of Bukhara region: O2 content 4,9 ± 0,5 mg / l, Cl2 312 ± 14 mg / l, mineralization - 992-1402 mg / l and oil products about 0,6-0,8 mg / l, it turned out that the amount of these elements in the water exceeds the permissible norm. The following conclusions were made on the basis of the study of the status of the species listed in the “Red Book” in aquatic ecosystems of the lower reaches of the Zarafshan river. We found that the population of the species Colletopterum and Corbicula in the village of Sultanabad in the Navoi region is a growing population, while the population of the species Colletopterum and Corbicula in the Gijduvan region of the Bukhara region is decreasing