Pembangunan Melalui Sektor Pertambangan Di Indonesia: Sebuah Tinjauan Etis

Development is the most important things in building a nation. Building a nation means giving the people of country, prosperity. From long time ago, the development that applied by many countries was known as Conventional Development. That is the development by using all resources which the state owned, to get more benefit from great exploitation, especially from the natural resources. For country with huge natural resouces like Indonesia, economic fulfillment by mineral eksploration is the fastest way to reach funding for development needs. Year by year eksploration faces Indonesian to an ecological problem nowaday. Several matters then need to be posed: what is actually the development method that enhanced by the government to fulfil the cost of development; why the mining sector was chosen as the way to accelerate the development; who become the winners and which people that lost in this paradigm? By the time, some countries finally face the largest problem from it, the sustainability, that is, it becomes important theme discussed everywhere, because it contains the governments' responsibilities for the future generation

The Composition of Spesies and Changes in Reef Fishes Community at Ecoreef Rehabilitation Site, Manado Tua Island, Bunaken National Park

The study conducted from 2006 to 2012 with an interval of every two years in the ecoreef area of ​​ Manado Tua island found 2,936 individual reef fishes of 181 species that include into 32 families. Species composition value of the 10 dominant species of reef fishes was 55.48% of the total species. The highest number of species was Plotosus lineatus with schooling behavior which only discovered in 2010 at a depth of 3 meters. Ecoreef area of Manado Tua island, when analyzed from the abundance and biomass of reef fishes exhibited a succession of reef fish that have been stable, with peak abundance and higher biomass in 2008 and 2010. Reef fish found in ecoreef seemed to start a new living and become a new habitat for them. These were indicated by the highest biomass during the previous year but the number of individuals and spesies were decline. There was no change in the structure of reef fish communities in the ecoreef area of Manado Tua Island, which characterized by non significant different ecological index between the years. Cluster analyses grouped reef fish species into 2 groups i.e., the group of 2006 and the group of 2008, 2010, and 2012. Early survey in 2006 showed lower abundance of reef fish species for allegedly associated with low ecoreef organisms

Assessment of heavy metals in water and fish from Ibrahim Adamu Lake, Jigawa, Nigeria

The study was conducted to assess the levels of heavy metals in water and the flesh of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Water and tilapia were sampled for a period of 12 months from October, 2003-september 2004. Water and muscle tissue were analysed for Cu, Cr, pb, and Zn using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The assessment showed Cr (3.35mg/l), Cu (0.75mg/l), pb (0.81mg/l) in water while Cr(2.27mg/kg) and pb (0.27mg/kg) were found to be high in the tissue samples and were above the values recommended by WHO and the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)of the United Nations and therefore not safe for human consumption

Catheter associated urinary tract infection among patients attending some selected hospitals in Kano Metropolis

Background: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection has become one of the major global health concerns, especially in developing countries including Nigeria. Risk factors for CAUTIs include prolongation of the catheterization and possible contamination of the indwelling catheter by normal microbial flora. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate catheter-associated urinary tract infection among patients attending some selected hospitals in the Kano metropolis. Methodology: This is cross sectional prospective study among 231 consented patients, ages ≥18 years that were catheterize. Urine samples were collected and subjected to standard bacteriological procedure for culture and sensitivity test. Patient data were collected using structured questionnaire. Result: The overall CAUTIs incidence of 163(70.6%) was obtained in this study, Escherichia coli was the highest uropathogene 62(38.0%) obtained followed by 58(35.6%) with Staphylococcus aureus. Majority of the participants are male 89(54.6%) and participants within the age group of 68 – 77 years had the highest incidence 37(22.7%) and least incidence was obtained among ages group ≥88 years 3(1.8%). Nitrofurantoin and Amoxicillin were found to be the most active antibiotics. Prolonging stay of the catheter showed the great impart in the occurrence of CAUTIs. Conclusion: An incidence rate of 70.6% was obtained in this study. The present study revealed the presence of bacteria associated with urinary catheters in individuals with UTIs. High incidence was observed in male participant than female counterpart. Keywords: Catheter; CAUTIs; E. coli; Urinary tract infection

Impact of Arrivals on Departure Taxi Operations at Airports

Aircraft taxi operations are a major source of fuel burn and emissions on the ground. Given rising fuel prices and growing concerns about the contributions of aviation to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, recent research aims to develop strategies to reduce fuel burn at airports. In order to develop such strategies, an understanding of taxi operations and the factors that affect taxi-out times is required. This paper describes an analysis of taxi-out times at two major U.S. airports in order to identify the primary causal factors affecting the duration of taxi-out operations. Through an analysis of departures out of John F. Kennedy International Airport and Boston Logan International Airport, several variables affecting taxi-out times were identified, including primarily the number of arrivals and number of departures during the taxi-out operation of an aircraft. Previous literature suggests that the number of arrivals on the surface has limited influence on taxi-out times; however, this analysis demonstrates that the number of arrivals is in fact significantly correlated with taxi-out times. Furthermore, we find that arrivals have a greater impact on taxi-out times under runway configurations where there is increased interaction between arrivals and departures

Comparison of the Efficacy of two Anticonvulsants, Phenytoin and Valproate to Improve PCP and d-amphetamine Induced Deficits in a Reversal Learning Task in the Rat

Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that PCP (phencyclidine) and d-amphetamine induce a cognitive deficit in rats, in a paradigm of potential relevance for the pathology of schizophrenia. Atypical, but not classical antipsychotics and the anticonvulsant, lamotrigine have been shown to prevent a selective reversal learning deficit induced by PCP. In contrast, only haloperidol reversed the d-amphetamine-induced deficit. The present study aimed to explore the ability of two anticonvulsants with differing mechanism of action, valproate and phenytoin to attenuate the cognitive deficits induced by PCP and d-amphetamine in the reversal learning paradigm. PCP at 1.5 mg/kg and d-amphetamine at 0.5 mg/kg both produced a selective and significant reduction in performance of the reversal phase with no effect on the initial phase of the task in female-hooded Lister rats. Valproate (25–200 mg/kg) and phenytoin (25–50 mg/kg) had no effect on performance when administered alone. Valproate (100–200 mg/kg), whose principle action is thought to be the enhancement of GABA transmission, was unable to prevent the cognitive deficit induced by either PCP or d-amphetamine. Conversely, phenytoin (50 mg/kg), a use-dependent sodium channel inhibitor, significantly prevented the deficit induced by PCP, but not d-amphetamine. These results add to our earlier work with lamotrigine, and suggest that sodium channel blockade may be a mechanism by which some anticonvulsant drugs can prevent the PCP-induced deficit. These data have implications for the use of anticonvulsant drugs in the treatment of cognitive or psychotic disorders