Stability of Reconstituted and Diluted Mitomycin C Solutions in Polypropylene Syringes and Glass VialsAbstract

Purpose: Mitomycin C (MMC) is widely used in treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer at a 1 mg/mL concentration, by intravesical instillation. MMC is also used as an ophthalmic procedure in glaucoma care mostly with 0.2 mg/mL concentration. To accelerate syringes provision, it could be interesting to demonstrate the stability of the drug, in order to be able to prepare the chemotherapeutic drug several hours before the chemotherapy administration. Methods: A stability indicating HPLC-UV method was developed and validated according to the ICH guidelines. Concentrations of the MMC stored at 25 °C and 60 % of relative humidity and protected from light in polypropylene syringes (1 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL) or glass vials (1 mg/mL) were evaluated for 96 h and compared to the initial observed concentrations. Results: MMC stability was demonstrated in syringes and glass vials at 1 mg/mL only for 8 h in water for injections and for 10 h at 0.2 mg/mL in 0.9 % sodium chloride solutions, because relative concentrations (95 % confidence interval of the mean of 3 samples) were systematically over 90 % of the initial concentrations. After 96 h the relative concentrations were found below 80 % as compared to initial concentrations, thus indicating instability of these solutions. Degradation products were observed and remained below 3 %. Conclusion: This study confirms that MMC solutions for ophthalmic application at 0.2 mg/mL or vesical instillation at 1 mg/mL have to be formulated extemporaneously to maintain the desired concentration

The Total Filmmaker: thinking of screenwriting, directing and editing as one role

As screenwriting continues to establish itself as a discrete discipline in academia, either in alignment with creative writing departments or film and media practice departments, there is a danger that such developments may entrench a distancing of the craft from the cinematic form itself and that such a distancing may ultimately reinforce the screenplay's propensity for dramaturgy and the dramatic, rather than the sensory and experiential of the cinematic. Closely related creative stages in telling cinematic stories include directing and editing and this article seeks to argue, with reference to personal screen practice, that screenwriting, directing and editing are, in fact, three variations of the same thing. The article proposes the notion of the Total Filmmaker who embraces all three aspects of the cinematic storyteller. If the ultimate aim is to create a narrative that fully utilises the unique properties of the cinematic form in telling a story, rather than being dominated by the theatricality of dramatically driven classical narratives. How might one explore the relationship between screenwriting, directing and editing? Can an integrated approach to creating the cinematic blueprint change the way we think of pedagogy and screenwriting

The look of the con: Eleven thoughts on the historical absence of subtitles in film analysis

This article considers the lack of dialogue between Audio-Visual Translation and Film & Media Studies, despite the fact that both disciplines clearly have shared interests in the content of audio-visual texts. The apparent lack of any developed and consistent overlap between these areas of study is the starting point for a series of eleven ‘thoughts' that identify commonalities and differences in how film and television texts might be studied and analysed. Inspired and led by the specific example of a scene from Ocean’s Eleven (2001), the article explores the potential for interdisciplinary research collaborations through ideas of authorship, genre, history, technology, industry labour, and reception and audience studies. While identifying areas where different theories might clash or complicate collaboration, the article also highlights potent areas where shared experience and different perspectives could enrich both fields

Isolation and characterization of a novel gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading bacterium.

The natural biotic capacity of soils to degrade gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH, lindane) was estimated using an enrichment technique based on the ability of soil bacteria to develop on synthetic media and degrade the xenobiotic compound, used as the sole source of carbon and energy. Bacterial inocula from relatively highly contaminated soils (from wood treatment factories) were found to promote efficiently the degradation of gamma-HCH, which subsequently permitted isolation of a competent gamma-HCH-degrading microorganism. The decrease of gamma-HCH concurrently with the release of chloride ions and the production of CO2 demonstrated the complete mineralization of gamma-HCH mediated by the isolate. This was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses showing that degradation subproducts of gamma-HCH included an unidentified tetrachlorinated compound and subsequently 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and 2,5-dichlorophenol. The two linA- and linB-like genes coding, respectively, for a gamma-HCH dehydrochlorinase and a dehalogenase were characterized by using a PCR strategy based on sequence homologies with previously published sequences from Sphingomonas paucimobilis UT26. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the linA-like region revealed the presence of a 472-bp open reading frame exhibiting high homology with the linA gene from S. paucimobilis, while a preliminary study also indicated strong homology among the two linB genes. All enzymes involved in the gamma-HCH degradative pathway appear to be extracellular and encoded by genes located on the chromosome, although numerous cryptic plasmids have been detected