467 research outputs found
Geoneutrinos and reactor antineutrinos at SNO+
In the heart of the Creighton Mine near Sudbury (Canada), the SNO+ detector
is foreseen to observe almost in equal proportion electron antineutrinos
produced by U and Th in the Earth and by nuclear reactors. SNO+ will be the
first long baseline experiment to measure a reactor signal dominated by CANDU
cores (55\% of the total reactor signal), which generally burn natural
uranium. Approximately 18\% of the total geoneutrino signal is generated by the
U and Th present in the rocks of the Huronian Supergroup-Sudbury Basin: the
60\% uncertainty on the signal produced by this lithologic unit plays a crucial
role on the discrimination power on the mantle signal as well as on the
geoneutrino spectral shape reconstruction, which can in principle provide a
direct measurement of the Th/U ratio in the Earth.Comment: 7 pages including 2 figures and 1 table, in XIV International
Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics (TAUP 2015) IOP
Publishing , published on Journal of Physics: Conference Series 718 (2016)
06200
Expected geoneutrino signal at JUNO
Constraints on the Earth's composition and on its radiogenic energy budget
come from the detection of geoneutrinos. The KamLAND and Borexino experiments
recently reported the geoneutrino flux, which reflects the amount and
distribution of U and Th inside the Earth. The KamLAND and Borexino experiments
recently reported the geoneutrino flux, which reflects the amount and
distribution of U and Th inside the Earth. The JUNO neutrino experiment,
designed as a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector, will be built in an
underground laboratory in South China about 53 km from the Yangjiang and
Taishan nuclear power plants. Given the large detector mass and the intense
reactor antineutrino flux, JUNO aims to collect high statistics antineutrino
signals from reactors but also to address the challenge of discriminating the
geoneutrino signal from the reactor background.The predicted geoneutrino signal
at JUNO is 39.7 TNU, based on the existing reference Earth
model, with the dominant source of uncertainty coming from the modeling of the
compositional variability in the local upper crust that surrounds (out to
500 km) the detector. A special focus is dedicated to the 6{\deg} x
4{\deg} Local Crust surrounding the detector which is estimated to contribute
for the 44% of the signal. On the base of a worldwide reference model for
reactor antineutrinos, the ratio between reactor antineutrino and geoneutrino
signals in the geoneutrino energy window is estimated to be 0.7 considering
reactors operating in year 2013 and reaches a value of 8.9 by adding the
contribution of the future nuclear power plants. In order to extract useful
information about the mantle's composition, a refinement of the abundance and
distribution of U and Th in the Local Crust is required, with particular
attention to the geochemical characterization of the accessible upper crust.Comment: Slight changes and improvements in the text,22 pages, 4 Figures, 3
Tables. Prog. in Earth and Planet. Sci. (2015
Regional study of the Archean to Proterozoic crust at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO+), Ontario: Predicting the geoneutrino flux
The SNO+ detector, a new kiloton scale liquid scintillator detector capable
of recording geoneutrino events, will define the strength of the Earth
radiogenic heat. A detailed 3-D model of the regional crust, centered at SNO+
and based on compiled geological, geophysical and geochemical information, was
used to characterize the physical and chemical attributes of crust and assign
uncertainties to its structure. Monte Carlo simulations were used to predict
the U and Th abundances and uncertainties in crustal lithologies and to model
the regional crustal geoneutrino signal originating from the at SNO+
The Role of Gut Microbiota Biomodulators on Mucosal Immunity and Intestinal Inflammation
Alterations of the gut microbiota may cause dysregulated mucosal immune responses leading to the onset of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in genetically susceptible hosts. Restoring immune homeostasis through the normalization of the gut microbiota is now considered a valuable therapeutic approach to treat IBD patients. The customization of microbe-targeted therapies, including antibiotics, prebiotics, live biotherapeutics and faecal microbiota transplantation, is therefore considered to support current therapies in IBD management. In this review, we will discuss recent advancements in the understanding of host-microbe interactions in IBD and the basis to promote homeostatic immune responses through microbe-targeted therapies. By considering gut microbiota dysbiosis as a key feature for the establishment of chronic inflammatory events, in the near future it will be suitable to design new cost-effective, physiologic, and patient-oriented therapeutic strategies for the treatment of IBD that can be applied in a personalized manner
Influence of Stereochemistry on the Monolayer Characteristics of N-alkanoyl-Substituted Threonine and Serine Amphiphiles at the Air-Water Interface
[Image: see text] Thermodynamic and structural properties of the N-alkanoyl-substituted α-amino acids threonine and serine, differing only by one CH(3) group in the head group, are determined and compared. Detailed characterization of the influence of stereochemistry proves that all enantiomers form an oblique monolayer lattice structure whereas the corresponding racemates build orthorhombic lattice structures due to dominating heterochiral interactions, except N-C16-dl-serine-ME as first example of dominating homochiral interactions in a racemic mixture of N-alkanoyl-substituted α-amino acids. In all cases, the liquid expanded–liquid condensed (LE/LC) transition pressure of the racemic mixtures is above that of the corresponding enantiomers. Phase diagrams are proposed. Using the program Hardpack to predict tilt angles and cross-sectional area of the alkyl chains shows reasonable agreement with the experimental grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) data
Nod2 Deficiency in mice is Associated with Microbiota Variation Favouring the Expansion of mucosal CD4+ LAP+ Regulatory Cells
Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain-2 (NOD2) mutations are associated with an increased risk to develop Crohn's Disease. In previous studies, we have shown that Nod2-/- mice manifest increased proportion of Lamina Propria (LP) CD4+ LAP+ Foxp3- regulatory cells, when compared with Nod2+/+ mice, while CD4+ Foxp3 + regulatory cells were not affected. Here, we investigated the Nod2 gut microbiota, by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing, at steady state and after TNBS-colitis induction in mice reared separately or in cohousing, correlating the microbial profiles with LP regulatory T cells proportion and tissue cytokines content. We found that enrichment of Rikenella and Alistipes (Rikenellaceae) in Nod2-/- mice at 8 weeks of age reared separately was associated with increased proportion of CD4+ LAP+ Foxp3- cells and less severe TNBS-colitis. In co-housed mice the acquisition of Rickenellaceae by Nod2+/+ mice was associated with increased CD4+ LAP+ Foxp3- proportion and less severe colitis. Severe colitis was associated with enrichment of gram-negative pathobionts (Escherichia and Enterococcus), while less severe colitis with protective bacteria (Barnesiella, Odoribacter and Clostridium IV). Environmental factors acting on genetic background with different outcomes according to their impact on microbiota, predispose in different ways to inflammation. These results open a new scenario for therapeutic attempt to re-establish eubiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients with NOD2 polymorphisms
Geoneutrinos from the rock overburden at SNO+
SNOLAB is one of the deepest underground laboratory in the world with an overburden of 2092 m. The SNO+ detector is designed to achieve several fundamental physics goals as a low-background experiment, particularly measuring the Earth's geoneutrino flux. Here we evaluate the effect of the 2 km overburden on the predicted crustal geoneutrino signal at SNO+. A refined 3D model of the 50 χ 50 km upper crust surrounding the detector and a full calculation of survival probability are used to model the U and Th geoneutrino signal. Comparing this signal with that obtained by placing SNO+ at sea level, we highlight a 1.4+1.8-0.9 TNU signal difference, corresponding to the ∼5% of the total crustal contribution. Finally, the impact of the additional crust extending from sea level up to ∼300 m was estimated
Autenticación de aceite de oliva mediante análisis de ADN
Olive oil, which has been produced mainly in the Mediterranean area since the ancient times, has a high nutritional value linked to many health benefits. Extra virgin, which is the purest form of olive oil, has excellent quality and premium prices. Many cases of adulteration and fraud necessitate the development of reliable and accurate methods for olive oil authentication. DNA-based methods analyze the residual DNA extracted from olive oil and use molecular markers for genetic identification of different species, subspecies or cultivars because these markers act as signs which reflect distinct genetic profiles. This study reviews the process by which DNA from olive oil is extracted and analyzed by the most recently used markers in the authentication of olive oil, such as Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) or microsatellites and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Methods of analysis such as qPCR and digital PCR are also discussed with a special emphasis placed on the method of High-Resolution Melting (HRM), a post-polymerase chain reaction method, which enables rapid, high performing identification of genetic variants in the DNA regions of interest without sequencing, and may differentiate very similar cultivars which differ in only one nucleotide in a specific locus.El aceite de oliva, producido principalÂmente en el área mediterránea desde la antigüedad, tiene un alto valor nutricional vinculado a muchos benefiÂcios para la salud. El aceite de oliva virgen extra, que es la forma más pura de aceite de oliva, tiene una excelente calidad y precios premium. Muchos casos de adulteraciones y fraudes requieren el desarrollo de métodos fiables y precisos para la autenticación del aceite de oliva. Los métodos basados en el ADN analizan el ADN residual extraÃdo del aceite de oliva y usan marcadores moleculares para la identificación genética de diferentes espeÂcies, subespecies o cultivares, porque estos marcadores actúan como signos que producen perfiles genéticos distintos. Este estudio revisa el proceso mediante el cual el ADN del aceite de oliva es extraÃdo y analizado por los marcadores utilizados más recientemente en la autenticación del aceite de oliva, como las repeticiones de secuencia simple (SSR) o los micro satélites y los polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNP). Los métodos de análisis como qPCR y PCR digital también se analizan haciendo especial énfasis en el método de fusión de alta resolución (HRM), un método de reacción en cadena posterior a la polimerasa, que permite la identificación rápida y con alto rendimiento de variantes genéticas en regiones del ADN de interés sin secuenciación, y pueden diferenciar cultivares muy similares, que difieren en un solo nucleótido, en un lugar especÃfico
Perceiving the crust in 3D: a model integrating geological, geochemical, and geophysical data
Regional characterization of the continental crust has classically been
performed through either geologic mapping, geochemical sampling, or geophysical
surveys. Rarely are these techniques fully integrated, due to limits of data
coverage, quality, and/or incompatible datasets. We combine geologic
observations, geochemical sampling, and geophysical surveys to create a
coherent 3-D geologic model of a 50 x 50 km upper crustal region surrounding
the SNOLAB underground physics laboratory in Canada, which includes the
Southern Province, the Superior Province, the Sudbury Structure and the
Grenville Front Tectonic Zone. Nine representative aggregate units of exposed
lithologies are geologically characterized, geophysically constrained, and
probed with 109 rock samples supported by compiled geochemical databases. A
detailed study of the lognormal distributions of U and Th abundances and of
their correlation permits a bivariate analysis for a robust treatment of the
uncertainties. A downloadable 3D numerical model of U and Th distribution
defines an average heat production of 1.5W/m, and
predicts a contribution of 7.7TNU (a Terrestrial Neutrino Unit
is one geoneutrino event per 10 target protons per year) out of a
crustal geoneutrino signal of 31.1TNU. The relatively high
local crust geoneutrino signal together with its large variability strongly
restrict the SNO+ capability of experimentally discriminating among BSE
compositional models of the mantle. Future work to constrain the crustal heat
production and the geoneutrino signal at SNO+ will be inefficient without more
detailed geophysical characterization of the 3D structure of the heterogeneous
Huronian Supergroup, which contributes the largest uncertainty to the
calculation.Comment: 25 pages, 9 figures, 6 table
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