Gender Pay Gaps in the Former Soviet Union: A Review of the Evidence

The goal of this paper is to examine the patterns and movements of the gender pay gaps in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and to place them in the context of advanced economies. We survey over 30 publications and conduct a meta-analysis of this literature. Gender pay gaps in the region are considerable and above the levels observed in advanced economies. Similar to advanced economies, industrial and occupational segregation widens the gaps in the FSU countries, whereas gender differences in educational attainment tend to shrink them. However, a much higher proportion of the gaps remain unexplained, pointing toward the role of unobserved gender differences related to actual and perceived productivity. Over the last 25 years, the gaps contracted in most FSU countries, primarily due to the reduction in the unexplained portion. Underlying the contraction at the mean are different movements in the gap across the pay distribution. Although the glass-ceiling effect has diminished in some FSU countries, it has persisted in others. We investigate the reasons underlying these findings and argue that the developments in the FSU region shed new light on our understanding of the gender pay gaps

Thermodynamics in the hydrologic response: Travel time formulation and application to Alpine catchments

This paper presents a spatially-explicit model for hydro-thermal response simulations of Alpine catchments, accounting for advective and non-advective energy fluxes in stream networks characterized by arbitrary degrees of geomorphological complexity. The relevance of the work stems from the increasing scientific interest concerning the impacts of the warming climate on water resources management and temperature-controlled ecological processes. The description of the advective energy uxes is cast in a travel time formulation of water and energy transport, resulting in a closed form solution for water temperature evolution in the soil compartment. The application to Alpine catchments hinges on the boundary conditions provided by the fully-distributed and physically-based snow model Alpine3D. The performance of the simulations is illustrated by comparing modeled and measured hydrographs and thermographs at the outlet of the Dischma catchment (45 km2) in the Swiss Alps. The Monte Carlo calibration shows that the model is robust and that a simultaneous fitting of stream ow and stream temperature reduces the uncertainty in the hydrological parameters estimation. The calibrated model also provides a good fit to the measurements in the validation period, suggesting that it could be employed for predictive applications, both for hydrological and ecological purposes. The temperature of the subsurface flow, as described by the proposed travel time formulation, proves warmer than the stream temperature during winter and colder during summer. Finally, the spatially-explicit results of the model during snowmelt show a notable hydro-thermal spatial variability in the river network, owing to the small spatial correlation of infilltration and meteorological forcings in Alpine regions

The intermittency of wind-driven sand transport and dust emission

This dataset contains the Matlab files of the processed data presented in the manuscript "The intermittency of wind-driven sand transport" by Comola F., J. F. Kok, M. Chamecki, and R. L. Martin. The study draws on extensive field measurements and numerical simulations of wind-driven sand transport to demonstrate the importance of accounting for saltation intermittency in mass flux parameterizations. The dataset contains two sets of Matlab files: the first set consists of "Oceano_processed_S1.mat", "Jerico_processed_S1.mat", and "Rancho_processed_S1.mat", which contain the post-processed dataset at Oceano, California, Jericoacoara, Brazil, and Rancho Guadalupe, California. The data contained in these files were used to generate Figures 1 and 2 of the manuscript. The second set consists of "Meteoblue_processed_oceano.mat", "Meteoblue_processed_jerico.mat", and "Meteoblue_processed_rancho.mat". These files contain the post-processed Meteoblue climate simulation dataset that wasused to generate Figure 3 and 4 of the manuscript

Aeolian saltation on Titan

This repository includes the following data:- The results of the granular splash simulations for cohesive grains, carried out with the Discrete Element Model PFC3D, for fine and coarse grains (granular_splash_titan_fine_N=50.txt, granular_splash_titan_fine_N=50.txt)- The impact threshold values of grains on Titan, calculated with the model COMSALT for three different values of the particle cohesion coefficient beta (ufrthrimpTitanComSplVSblBeta007rev.txt, ufrthrimpTitanComSplVSblBeta02rev.txt, ufrthrimpTitanComSplVSblBeta05rev.txt)- The mass flux values for grains of different sizes on Titan, calculated with the model COMSALT assuming continuous transport (uRunTitanD100AltTurb.txt, uRunTitanD250AltTurb.txt, uRunTitanD500AltTurb.txt, uRunTitanD1000AltTurb.txt)- The yearly sediment transport rates and directions on Titan calculated with the Titan Atmospheric Model TAM (saltation.TAM.fullphys.hydro.topo.T21.Nov2021.nc4)THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV