Fonctionnement et salinité de la nappe de l'oasis de Fatnassa : arguments géochimiques

International audienceLes sols et les eaux de la nappe du périmètre oasien de Fatnassa Nord (114 hectares) sont menacés par un risque de salinisation en raison d'une salinité élevée des eaux d'irrigation et de la position superficielle de la nappe. Un réseau de 27 piézomètres a été installé depuis 2001 pour le suivi de la profondeur, de la salinité et de la composition chimique de la nappe. La composition chimique de la nappe apparaît principalement liée à la concentration des eaux d'irrigation et à la précipitation de gypse et de calcite, et secondairement aux variations de la pression partielle en CO2 influençant la teneur en carbonate et le pH. Ces processus ont été simulés avec le modèle IRRICHEM. Les ions chlorure n'interviennent pas dans les mécanismes géochimiques et ont été retenus comme indicateur du facteur de concentration des eaux de la nappe par rapport aux eaux d'irrigation. Le facteur de concentration des eaux de la nappe varie d'un facteur 1,7 à 7,7 par rapport aux eaux d'irrigation (médiane de 4,41) tandis que le facteur de concentration des eaux de drainage est de 3,41. On n'observe aucune tendance évolutive significative de la salinité de la nappe qui est supposée avoir atteint un état stationnaire résultant d'un équilibre entre les apports de sels par l'irrigation et les sorties de sels sous l'effet conjugué du système de drainage enterré et des écoulements naturels. La fraction de lessivage apparente est estimée de 13 à 60 % pour une valeur médiane de 23 %. Des axes naturels d'écoulement sont mis en évidence et contribueraient majoritairement au lessivage des sels alors la fraction de lessivage induite par le réseau de drainage enterré ne dépassent pas 10 %. Les valeurs élevées de la salinité sont observées en relation avec une position élevée de la nappe en raison d'un drainage déficient dans les zones basses à proximité du chott El Jerid. Les enjeux d'une gestion durable des ressources en eau et en sol sur le périmètre de Fatnassa sont enfin discutés sur la base de ces résultats

Water and salt balance at irrigation scheme scale: a comprehensive approach for salinity assessment in a Saharan oasis

Salt balance methods are generally applied in the root-zone and at local scales but do not provide relevant information for salinity management at irrigation scheme scales, where there are methodological impediments. A simple salt balance model was developed at irrigation scheme and yearly time scales and applied in Fatnassa oasis (Nefzaoua, Tunisia). It accounts for input by irrigation, export by drainage and groundwater flow, and provides novel computation of the influence of biogeochemical processes and variations in the resident amount of salt for each chemical component in the soil and shallow groundwater. Impediments were overcome by limiting the depth of the system so that the resident amount of salt that remained was of the same order of magnitude as salt inputs and allowed indirect and reliable estimation of groundwater flow. Sensitivity analyses as partial derivatives of groundwater salinity were carried out according to non-reactive salt balance under steady-state assumption. These analyses enabled the magnitude of the salinization process to be foreseen as a function of hydrological changes linked to irrigation, drainage, groundwater flow and extension of the irrigated area. From a salt input of 39 Mg ha1 year1 by irrigation, 21 Mg ha1 year1 (54%) and 10 Mg ha1 year1 (26%) were exported by groundwater flow and drainage, respectively. 7Mg ha1 year1 (18%) were removed from groundwater by geochemical processes, while a non significant 2 Mg ha1 year1 were estimated to have been stored in the soil and shallow groundwater where the residence time was only 2.7 years. The leaching efficiency of drainage was estimated at 0.77. With a water supply of 1360 mm by irrigation and 90 mm by rainfall, drainage, groundwater flow and actual evapotranspiration were 130, 230, and 1090 mm, respectively. The current extension of date palm plantations and salinization of groundwater resources are expected to significantly increase the salinity hazard while the degradation of the drainage system is expected to be of lesser impact. The approach was successfully implemented in Fatnassa oasis and proved to be particularly relevant in small or medium irrigation schemes where groundwater fluxes are significant

Electromagnetic induction prediction of soil salinity and groundwater properties in a Tunisian Saharan oasis

Electromagnetic induction measurements (EM) were taken in a saline gypsiferous soil of the Saharan-climate Fatnassa oasis (Tunisia) to predict the electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract (ECe) and shallow groundwater properties (depth, Dgw, and electrical conductivity, ECgw) using various models. The soil profile was sampled at 0.2 m depth intervals to 1.2 m for physical and chemical analysis. The best input to predict the log-transformed soil salinity (lnECe) in surface (0-0.2 m) soil was the EMh/EMv ratio. For the 0-0.6 m soil depth interval, the performance of multiple linear regression (MLR) models to predict lnECe was weaker using data collected over various seasons and years (R-a(2) = 0.66 and MSE = 0.083 dS m(-1)) as compared to those collected during the same period (R-a(2) = 0.97, MSE = 0.007 dS m(-1)). For similar seasonal conditions, for the Dgw-EMv relationship, R-2 was 0.88 and the MSE was 0.02 m for Dgw prediction. For a validation subset, the R-2 was 0.85 and the MSE was 0.03 m. Soil salinity was predicted more accurately when groundwater properties were used instead of soil moisture with EM variables as input in the MLR

Assessment of soil salinization risks under irrigation with brackish water in semiarid Tunesia

The salinity problem is becoming increasingly widespread in arid countries. In semiarid Tunisia about 50% of the irrigated land is considered as highly sensitive to salinization. To avoid the risk of salinization, it is important to control the soil salinity and keep it below plant salinity tolerance thresholds. The objective of the present study was to provide farmers and rural development offices with a tool and methodology for predicting, monitoring of soil salinity for a better agronomical strategy. The experiments were carried out in the highly complex and heterogeneous semiarid Kalâat Landalous irrigated district of Tunisia. The field and laboratory measurements of soil and water properties were conducted in 1989 and 2006 at different observation scales (2900 ha, 1400 ha, 5200 m long transect, and soil profiles). Seventeen years of reclamation of a saline and waterlogged soil led to the reduction of average electrical conductivity of the soil saturated paste extract (ECe), measured at 5 soil depths (from 0 to 2 m) below the plant salt tolerance threshold and the dilution of groundwater salinity from 18.3 to 6.6 dS m-1. The variation in soil salt storage (¿Mss = Mss2006 - Mss1989) in the vadose zone was negative, equal to about -145 × 103 ton (˜-50 ton ha-1). During the same period, the salt balance (Siw–Sdw) estimated from the input dissolved salt brought by irrigation water (Siw) and output salts exported by the drainage network (Sdw) was equal to -685 × 106 kg and the Sdw was 945 × 106 kg. Under irrigation and efficient drainage, the soil salinization could be considered as a reversible process. At the transect scale, the high clay content and the exchangeable sodium percentage was negatively correlated to saturated hydraulic conductivity. The textural stratification, observed at soil profile scale, favors accumulation of salt in the soil. Based on the findings related to the multiscale assessment of soil salinity and groundwater properties, soil salinization factors were identified and a soil salinization risk map (SRU) was elaborated. The shallow groundwater constitutes the main risk of soil salinization. This map can be used by both land planners and farmers to make appropriate decisions related to crop production, and soil and water management