The record of the typothere Pachyrukhos (Mammalia, Notoungulata) and the Chinchillid Prolagostomus (Mammalia, Rodentia) in the Santa Cruz Formation (early-middle Miocene) south to the Río Coyle, Patagonia, Argentina

The continental early–middle Miocene Santa Cruz Formation (SCF) from Patagonia is one of the most important stratigraphic units of southern South America in terms of the terrestrial Neogene record. Its fossil content was pivotal for establishing the succession of Cenozoic faunas from Patagonia and formed the basis of the Santacrucian South American Land Mammal Age. Despite the updated knowledge recently achieved, the stratigraphic distribution of many taxa within the SCF remains to be clarified. That is the case with the typothere notoungulate Pachyrukhos and the chinchillid rodent Prolagostomus. New information on the stratigraphy of the SCF along the north bank of the Río Gallegos and Cabo Buen Tiempo (Santa Cruz Province), together with a detailed analysis of the provenance information of the specimens in the principal old museum collections, sheds light on the record of these taxa south to Río Coyle. Our results show that the first recorded occurrence of both taxa in the area was between ~17 Ma and 17.41 Ma, restricted to the upper part of the SCF, including the upper part of the Estancia La Costa Member at Cañadón Las Totoras-Monte Tigre, and the superimposed Estancia La Angelina Member along the Río Gallegos and Cabo Buen Tiempo. Their presence suggests a trend to aridification in the upper part of the SCF south to the Río Coyle. These results are consistent with recent information obtained from other locations of the SCF north to the Río Coyle.La Formación Santa Cruz (FSC; Mioceno temprano–medio de Patagonia) es una de las unidades estratigráficas más importantes de América del Sur austral por su registro del Neógeno terrestre. Su contenido fósil fue fundamental para el establecimiento de la sucesión de faunas del Cenozoico de Patagonia y constituyó la base de la Edad Mamífero Santacrucense de América del Sur. A pesar de la reciente actualización de su conocimiento, la distribución estratigráfica de muchos taxones dentro de la FSC aún no se ha esclarecido. Tal es el caso del notoungulado tipoterio Pachyrukhos y del roedor chinchíllido Prolagostomus. Nueva información sobre la estratigrafía de la FSC en la margen norte del Río Gallegos y en Cabo Buen Tiempo y el análisis de la procedencia de ejemplares en colecciones de museos permitieron esclarecer el registro de esos taxones al sur del Río Coyle. Nuestros resultados indican que el primer registro de ambos taxones en el área sería entre ~17 Ma y 17,41 Ma, restringidos a la parte superior de la FSC, incluyendo la sección más alta del Miembro Estancia La Costa, en Cañadón Las Totoras-Monte Tigre, y el suprayacente Miembro Estancia La Angelina a lo largo del Río Gallegos y en Cabo Buen Tiempo. Su presencia sugiere una tendencia a la aridificación en la parte superior de la FSC al sur del Río Coyle. Estos resultados son consistentes con información reciente de otras localidades de la FSC al norte del Río Coyle.Fil: Vizcaíno, Sergio Fabián. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Bargo, María Susana. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Kay, Richard F.. University of Duke; Estados UnidosFil: Raigemborn, María Sol. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas; Argentin

Evolution of body size in anteaters and sloths (Xenarthra, Pilosa): phylogeny, metabolism, diet and substrate preferences

Pilosa include anteaters (Vermilingua) and sloths (Folivora). Modern tree sloths are represented by two genera, Bradypus and Choloepus (both around 4–6 kg), whereas the fossil record is very diverse, with approximately 90 genera ranging in age from the Oligocene to the early Holocene. Fossil sloths include four main clades, Megalonychidae, Megatheriidae, Nothrotheriidae, and Mylodontidae, ranging in size from tens of kilograms to several tons. Modern Vermilingua are represented by three genera, Cyclopes, Tamandua and Myrmecophaga, with a size range from 0.25 kg to about 30 kg, and their fossil record is scarce and fragmentary. The dependence of the body size on phylogenetic pattern of Pilosa is analysed here, according to current cladistic hypotheses. Orthonormal decomposition analysis and Abouheif C-mean were performed. Statistics were significantly different from the null-hypothesis, supporting the hypothesis that body size variation correlates with the phylogenetic pattern. Most of the correlation is concentrated within Vermilingua, and less within Mylodontidae, Megatheriidae, Nothrotheriidae and Megalonychidae. Influence of basal metabolic rate (BMR), dietary habits and substrate preference is discussed. In anteaters, specialised insectivory is proposed as the primary constraint on body size evolution. In the case of sloths, mylodontids, megatheriids and nothrotheriids show increasing body size through time; whereas megalonychids retain a wider diversity of sizes. Interplay between BMR and dietary habits appears to be the main factor in shaping evolution of sloth body size.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

First Miocene record of Akaniaceae in Patagonia (Argentina): a fossil wood from the early Miocene Santa Cruz formation and its palaeobiogeographical Implications

Today, Akaniaceae are confined to south-eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales (Australia), southeastern China and northern Vietnam. Akanioxylon santacrucensis gen. and sp. nov. is described as the first fossil wood of Akaniaceae from the early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation (c. 18–16 Ma; Burdigalian) on the Atlantic coast of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. The diagnostic features are growth rings inconspicuous, with most latewood vessels only slightly narrower than earlywood vessels; diffuse porous wood; mainly solitary vessels, occasionally radial or tangential multiples and clusters; mainly simple, occasionally reticulate and rarely scalariform with many interconnections between bars perforation plates; bordered, minute to small intervessel pits; axial parenchyma scanty paratracheal and apotracheal diffuse; vessel-ray parenchyma pits with much reduced borders to apparently simple; vessel-axial parenchyma pits scalariform or transitional; mainly multiseriate (four to six cells wide) and rare uniseriate rays, heterocellular, occasionally crystals in ray cells; septate and non-septate fibres with simple to minutely bordered pits. These features resemble the extant Akania and Bretschneidera. The eco-anatomical analysis suggests that this fossil wood grew under temperate to warm-temperate and semi-arid climatic conditions. This record of Akania/Bretschneidera-like wood in South America reinforces the existence of an old relationship with the Australasia flora. The discovery of Akaniaceae in the Santa Cruz Formation extends the record of the taxon in South America c. 30 Ma and 10°S in latitude and suggests that the family was widespread in Patagonia as a component of forests developed in a frost-free humid biome in South American at mid to high latitudes.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Fossil localities of the Santa Cruz Formation (Early Miocene, Patagonia, Argentina) prospected by Carlos Ameghino in 1887 revisited and the location of the Notohippidian

Between January and September of 1887 Carlos Ameghino carried out his first geologic and paleontological expedition to the Río Santa Cruz, Patagonia. Based on the fossils and geologic information compiled, in 1887 and 1889, Florentino Ameghino named more than 120 new species of extinct mammals and his Formación Santacruceña and Piso Santacruceño (Santacrucian stage). Data published by both brothers state that the specimens were collected in outcrops by the Río Santa Cruz, between 90 and 200 km west of its mouth. However, information in the posthumously published letters and Travel Diary of C. Ameghino allows us to recognize a fourth locality, Río Bote, at about 50 km further southwest. In 1900, 1902, F. Ameghino divided the Piso Santacruceño in a younger étage Santacruzienne and older étage Notohippidéen, restricting the geographical distribution of the latter to Kar Aiken locality, northeast of Lago Argentino. However, 15 of the 54 species that F. Ameghino listed as exclusively Notohippidian stage already had been named on specimens collected South to the Río Santa Cruz in 1887, two year prior to C. Ameghino's first visit to Kar Aiken. Based on historical information and several expeditions to the Río Santa Cruz and its environs, in this contribution we establish the geographical locations of the 1887 localities, formalize their names, evaluate the stratigraphic position of the fossil-bearing levels, and analyze the geographic extension of the Notohippidian, inferring that Río Bote is where C. Ameghino first collected species that came to define the Notohippidian.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Estudios paleobotánicos en la Formación Santa Cruz (Mioceno), Patagonia, Argentina

La Formación Santa Cruz es una unidad volcano-clástica depositada durante el Mioceno temprano (Edad Santacrucense), conocida por la excepcional preservación, cantidad y diversidad de sus vertebrados continentales. La Formación Santa Cruz comprende dos miembros, siendo de base a techo, Miembro Estancia La Costa y Miembro Estancia La Angelina. En esta contribución se dan a conocer los primeros registros paleobotánicos hallados en el Miembro Estancia La Costa, en sus afloramientos sobre la costa atlántica entre los ríos Gallegos y Coyle, provincia de Santa Cruz. Entre los restos microfosilíferos se hallaron diversos morfotipos fitolíticos que muestran afinidad con las monocotiledóneas, vinculándose tanto con las Arecaceae como con las Poaceae. También son frecuentes en algunos niveles las espículas de espongiarios de agua dulce. La macroflora representada por leños preservados por un proceso de carbonificación está integrada por Laurinoxylon atlanticum (Romero) Dupéron-Laudoueneix et Dupéron (Lauraceae), Myrceugenia chubutense Ragonese (Myrtaceae) y Doroteoxylon vicenti-perezii Nishida, Nishida et Ohsawa (Fabaceae-Caesalpinoideae). Los leños angiospérmicos dieron valores de índice de vulnerabilidad (V) de: 2,95, 0,85 y 8,7 respectivamente e índice de mesomorfía (M) de: 458, 287 y 1837 respectivamente. Las gimnospermas están representadas por un espécimen de leño picnoxílico con preservación de médula heterogénea, xilema primario endarco y xilema secundario "tipo araucaria". Los valores obtenidos de V y M sugieren que estos bosques mixtos estaban integrados predominantemente por especies con maderas xeromórficas. Doroteoxylon vicenti-perezii, la única especie con características mesomórficas, podría estar indicando que creció en lugares más húmedos o con una mayor disponibilidad de agua en el sustrato.Sesiones libresFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Herramientas conceptuales y metodológicas para el estudio de la morfología y paleobiología de vertebrados

La paleobiología reconstruye la historia de vida de taxones extintos. Una forma de estudiar la paleobiología de vertebrados es asumir que existe una estrecha relación entre forma y función, de manera que la última puede inferirse a partir de la primera (principio de correlación forma-función). Este enfoque integrador combina la biología de vertebrados actuales (morfología, filogenia, desarrollo e historia de vida, comportamiento, metabolismo y fisiología, etc.), la física e ingeniería (biomecánica, física de materiales), la química (análisis isotópicos de tejidos animales) y las matemáticas y estadísticas (modelado, métodos probabilísticos o permutacionales, etc.), entre otros aspectos y disciplinas. Un protocolo básico para estudios paleobiológicos basado en la correlación forma-función identifica tres atributos biológicos esenciales para cada taxón: tamaño corporal, preferencia y uso de sustrato y alimentación. Las herramientas metodológicas más generalizadas son la morfología funcional, la biomecánica y la ecomorfología. Nuestro grupo ha estudiado mayormente las implicaciones funcionales del esqueleto y la morfología dental y sus consecuencias sobre el rol biológico que los vertebrados extintos de América del Sur desempeñaron en sus paleoecosistemas. El estudio de otros rasgos, como la audición y la visión, mejorará la discriminación de nichos en ecosistemas pasados

Quantifying the healthcare costs of treating severely bleeding major trauma patients: a national study for England.

INTRODUCTION: Severely bleeding trauma patients are a small proportion of the major trauma population but account for 40% of all trauma deaths. Healthcare resource use and costs are likely to be substantial but have not been fully quantified. Knowledge of costs is essential for developing targeted cost reduction strategies, informing health policy, and ensuring the cost-effectiveness of interventions. METHODS: In collaboration with the Trauma Audit Research Network (TARN) detailed patient-level data on in-hospital resource use, extended care at hospital discharge, and readmissions up to 12 months post-injury were collected on 441 consecutive adult major trauma patients with severe bleeding presenting at 22 hospitals (21 in England and one in Wales). Resource use data were costed using national unit costs and mean costs estimated for the cohort and for clinically relevant subgroups. Using nationally available data on trauma presentations in England, patient-level cost estimates were up-scaled to a national level. RESULTS: The mean (95% confidence interval) total cost of initial hospital inpatient care was £19,770 (£18,177 to £21,364) per patient, of which 62% was attributable to ventilation, intensive care, and ward stays, 16% to surgery, and 12% to blood component transfusion. Nursing home and rehabilitation unit care and re-admissions to hospital increased the cost to £20,591 (£18,924 to £22,257). Costs were significantly higher for more severely injured trauma patients (Injury Severity Score ≥15) and those with blunt injuries. Cost estimates for England were £148,300,000, with over a third of this cost attributable to patients aged 65 years and over. CONCLUSIONS: Severely bleeding major trauma patients are a high cost subgroup of all major trauma patients, and the cost burden is projected to rise further as a consequence of an aging population and as evidence continues to emerge on the benefits of early and simultaneous administration of blood products in pre-specified ratios. The findings from this study provide a previously unreported baseline from which the potential impact of changes to service provision and/or treatment practice can begin to be evaluated. Further studies are still required to determine the full costs of post-discharge care requirements, which are also likely to be substantial

Evolution of body size in anteaters and sloths (Xenarthra, Pilosa): phylogeny, metabolism, diet and substrate preferences

Pilosa include anteaters (Vermilingua) and sloths (Folivora). Modern tree sloths are represented by two genera, Bradypus and Choloepus (both around 4–6 kg), whereas the fossil record is very diverse, with approximately 90 genera ranging in age from the Oligocene to the early Holocene. Fossil sloths include four main clades, Megalonychidae, Megatheriidae, Nothrotheriidae, and Mylodontidae, ranging in size from tens of kilograms to several tons. Modern Vermilingua are represented by three genera, Cyclopes, Tamandua and Myrmecophaga, with a size range from 0.25 kg to about 30 kg, and their fossil record is scarce and fragmentary. The dependence of the body size on phylogenetic pattern of Pilosa is analysed here, according to current cladistic hypotheses. Orthonormal decomposition analysis and Abouheif C-mean were performed. Statistics were significantly different from the null-hypothesis, supporting the hypothesis that body size variation correlates with the phylogenetic pattern. Most of the correlation is concentrated within Vermilingua, and less within Mylodontidae, Megatheriidae, Nothrotheriidae and Megalonychidae. Influence of basal metabolic rate (BMR), dietary habits and substrate preference is discussed. In anteaters, specialised insectivory is proposed as the primary constraint on body size evolution. In the case of sloths, mylodontids, megatheriids and nothrotheriids show increasing body size through time; whereas megalonychids retain a wider diversity of sizes. Interplay between BMR and dietary habits appears to be the main factor in shaping evolution of sloth body size.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

First Miocene record of Akaniaceae in Patagonia (Argentina): a fossil wood from the early Miocene Santa Cruz formation and its palaeobiogeographical Implications

Today, Akaniaceae are confined to south-eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales (Australia), southeastern China and northern Vietnam. Akanioxylon santacrucensis gen. and sp. nov. is described as the first fossil wood of Akaniaceae from the early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation (c. 18–16 Ma; Burdigalian) on the Atlantic coast of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. The diagnostic features are growth rings inconspicuous, with most latewood vessels only slightly narrower than earlywood vessels; diffuse porous wood; mainly solitary vessels, occasionally radial or tangential multiples and clusters; mainly simple, occasionally reticulate and rarely scalariform with many interconnections between bars perforation plates; bordered, minute to small intervessel pits; axial parenchyma scanty paratracheal and apotracheal diffuse; vessel-ray parenchyma pits with much reduced borders to apparently simple; vessel-axial parenchyma pits scalariform or transitional; mainly multiseriate (four to six cells wide) and rare uniseriate rays, heterocellular, occasionally crystals in ray cells; septate and non-septate fibres with simple to minutely bordered pits. These features resemble the extant Akania and Bretschneidera. The eco-anatomical analysis suggests that this fossil wood grew under temperate to warm-temperate and semi-arid climatic conditions. This record of Akania/Bretschneidera-like wood in South America reinforces the existence of an old relationship with the Australasia flora. The discovery of Akaniaceae in the Santa Cruz Formation extends the record of the taxon in South America c. 30 Ma and 10°S in latitude and suggests that the family was widespread in Patagonia as a component of forests developed in a frost-free humid biome in South American at mid to high latitudes.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse