The spatial ecology of free-ranging domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) in western Kenya

Background In many parts of the developing world, pigs are kept under low-input systems where they roam freely to scavenge food. These systems allow poor farmers the opportunity to enter into livestock keeping without large capital investments. This, combined with a growing demand for pork, especially in urban areas, has led to an increase in the number of small-holder farmers keeping free range pigs as a commercial enterprise. Despite the benefits which pig production can bring to a household, keeping pigs under a free range system increases the risk of the pig acquiring diseases, either production-limiting or zoonotic in nature. This study used Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to track free range domestic pigs in rural western Kenya, in order to understand their movement patterns and interactions with elements of the peri-domestic environment. Results We found that these pigs travel an average of 4,340 m in a 12 hr period and had a mean home range of 10,343 m2 (range 2,937–32,759 m2) within which the core utilisation distribution was found to be 964 m2 (range 246–3,289 m2) with pigs spending on average 47% of their time outside their homestead of origin. Conclusion These are the first data available on the home range of domestic pigs kept under a free range system: the data show that pigs in these systems spend much of their time scavenging outside their homesteads, suggesting that these pigs may be exposed to infectious agents over a wide area. Control policies for diseases such as Taenia solium, Trypanosomiasis, Trichinellosis, Toxoplasmosis or African Swine Fever therefore require a community-wide focus and pig farmers require education on the inherent risks of keeping pigs under a free range system. The work presented here will enable future research to incorporate movement data into studies of disease transmission, for example for the understanding of transmission of African Swine Fever between individuals, or in relation to the life-cycle of parasites including Taenia solium

La réduction du prix (art. 1223 C. civ.) à la lumière du droit allemand

Sont notamment développés d’une part la place de l’art. 1223 C. civ. pour la réduction du prix en droit français, la genèse de l’article 1223 C. civ. ainsi que son application et d’autre part la réduction directe et indirecte du prix en droit allemand ; une comparaison est également opéré sur les similitudes et divergences entre les deux systèmes.In der französischsprachigen Arbeit „Die Preisminderung (Art. 1223 frz. Zivilgesetzbuch) im Lichte des deutschen Rechts“ werden insbesondere einerseits der Platz des Artikels 1223 frz. Zivilgesetzbuch für die Preisminderung sowie die Entstehung des Artikels 1223 frz. Zivilgesetzbuch und seine Anwendung untersucht und andererseits die direkte und indirekte Preisminderung im deutschen Recht; ein Vergleich wird ebenfalls über die Gemeinsamkeiten und Differenzen zwischen beiden Systemen vollzogen