Unexpected new lizard from the Late Cretaceous of southern South America sheds light on Gondwanan squamate diversity

The record of Cretaceous terrestrial lizards (Squamata) in South America is patchy, with seven species described from north-eastern and south-eastern Brazil, and few isolated records of iguanians and scincomorphans from the Argentinian Patagonia. Herein we describe a new genus and species of Cretaceous lizard, Paleochelco occultato gen. et sp. nov., based on a partial skull (MACN-Pv-N 120) discovered about three decades ago that was unnoticed in the Colección Paleovertebrados of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ?Bernardino Rivadavia?. It comes from rocks of the Upper Cretaceous Bajo de la Carpa Formation (Neuquén Group) exposed at the Campus of the Universidad Nacional del Comahue, north of Neuquén City (Neuquén Province). The new taxon was included into a broad phylogenetic dataset of squamates and it was recovered around the base of Polyglyphanodontia in a constrained analysis using a total-evidence backbone. By contrast, the same, but topologically unconstrained analysis found Paleochelco occultato also around the base of Polyglyphanodontia but alternatively as the sister taxon to Polyglyphanodontia + Scleroglossa or as one of the sister taxa to the Mosasauria + Scleroglossa clade. The new finding, as well as other records from Argentina and Brazil, highlights a complex, still unrecovered, evolutionary history for lizards in the Mesozoic of South America.Fil: Martinelli, Agustín Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Agnolin, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Ezcurra, Martin Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin

Temporal evolution of S2 atmospheric tide as represented in reanalysis databases

Ponencia presentada en: VIII Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Salamanca entre el 25 y el 28 de septiembre de 2012.[ES]Se ha evaluado la evolución temporal de la componente semidiurna de la marea solar atmosférica (S2) usando seis diferentes reanálisis. La motivación de este trabajo es, en primer lugar la validación del método de interpolación comúnmente usado (los datos de reanálisis se dan normalmente cada 6 horas, justamente en la frecuencia de Nyquist de la marea semidiurna). En segundo lugar, puesto que el principal forzamiento de la marea semidiurna es la absorción de UV en la capa de ozono y en menor medida la absorción de IR por el vapor de agua troposférico, su amplitud podría eventualmente usarse como un proxy para estas magnitudes.[EN]Temporal evolution of the semidiurnal component of the solar atmospheric tide (S2) has been assessed using six reanalysis databases. The motivation for this work is twofold: first, to validate the interpolation method commonly used (reanalysis data are generally available every 6 hours, just in S2 Nyquist frequency). And second, as the main forcing of the atmospheric tide is the UV absorption in the ozone layer and, to a lesser extent, the IR absorption by water in the troposphere, its amplitude could eventually be used as a proxy for these magnitudes.Authors thank the ECMWF and also the other cited institutions for granting free access to their reanalysis data. Authors thank financial support through the CGL2008-03321 (Plan Nacional I+D+i), CTP10-03 PYNATEO projects and UPV/EHU through UFI11/55 y GIU11/01 projects

A new stahleckeriid dicynodont record from the late Ladinian-?early Carnian levels of the Chañares Formation (Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin) of northwestern Argentina

The kannemeyeriiforms of the latest Ladinian-?early Carnian Chañares Formation (Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin) exemplify the historical taxonomic controversies of several South Am erican dicynodonts. Three taxa were originally recognized based on skull anatomy: “Chanaria” platyceps and two species of Dinodontosaurus (genus otherwise known in the Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Brazil), but in a recent taxonomic revision they were all synonymized in a single valid species (i.e., Dinodontosaurus brevirostris). The only postcranial record includes some undescribed specimens referred to D. brevirostris, an indeterminate shoulder girdle (MCZ 3459), and an ulna recently referred to Stahleckeria sp. Here we describe a new, large dicynodont specimen (CRILAR-Pv 82) from the Tarjadia Assemblage Zone (AZ) of the lowermost levels of the Chañares Formation, consisting of a right scapula, left ilium, sternum, and a few indeterminate fragments. The tall, dorsally expanded scapular blade with anteroventrally inclined dorsal margin and the anterolaterally directed acromion process broadly match the stahleckeriid morphotype. CRILAR-Pv 82 shares with Stahleckeria potens a sharp, vertical scapular spine on the anteroventral margin of the scapular blade, markedly convex in anterior view. The “hook-shaped” curvature of the preacetabular iliac process also resembles Stahleckeria potens and Eubrachiosaurus browni. These features differ at least with the Brazilian specimens of Dinodontosaurus (D. tener). The available data shows that MCZ 3459 also fits the stahleckeriid morphology, becoming the first historical record of the clade for the unit. A rigorous comparison with D. brevirostris will await the examination of more complete specimens. The dicynodont postcrania described so far from the Chañares Formation represent the oldest record of Stahleckeriinae in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, expanding back its Argentinian record very likely beyond the Ladinian-Carnian boundary.Fil: Escobar, Juan Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Martinelli, Agustín Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Ezcurra, Martin Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Fiorelli, Lucas Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Universidad Nacional de La Rioja. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Secretaría de Industria y Minería. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Provincia de La Rioja. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja; ArgentinaFil: Desojo, Julia Brenda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; Argentin

Klimatologia fisikoa, klima sistema eta etorkizunaren itxaron daitekeen bilakaera

Hasieran, gaur egungo klimatologiaren garapena aurkeztuko dugu, historia labur moduan, eta adieraziko da zelan sortu zen klima-sistemaren kontzeptua. Ondoren, negutegi efektuaren atzean dagoen teoria-oinarri aurkeztuko da. Oso teoriaeredu bakun baten bidez frogatuko dugu irradiazio infragorriko eguratseko xurgatzaileen kontzentrazioak gora egiten badu, gainazaleko tenperaturak ere gora egin behar duela. Gainera, barne berrelikadurako zikloa edo biziraupena bezalako kontzeptu garrantzitsuak azalduko ditugu. Klima ereduen teoria-oinarria eta egitura aurkeztuko ditugu azalean, eta adieraziko dugu zeintzuk diren Klima Aldaketari buruzko Gobernuarteko Taldeak bere txostenetan erabiltzen dituen ereduak. Ondoren, isurien agertokiak definituko ditugu eta horien arabera espero ditzakegun planeta mailako aldaketak ere azalduko dira; Euskal Herriko mailan ere erakutsiko ditugu, isurien agertoki eta eredu batzuen arabera

The stem-archosaur evolutionary radiation in South America

The oldest archosauromorphs (dinosaurs, birds, crocodiles, and their stem-taxa) arerecorded in middle−upper Permian rocks, but it was not after the Permo−Triassic massextinction that the group shows a substantially high taxonomic richness andecomorphological disparity. The early evolutionary history of the Archosauromorphaduring the Early and Middle Triassic is mainly based on fossils recovered from rocks insouthern Africa, Europe and Asia, whereas South America possesses a morecomplete fossil record of the group only in the Late Triassic. Here we revisit, discuss,and reanalyse the non-archosaurian archosauromorph fossil record of the current-daySouth America. The Early Triassic archosauromorph record in this continent is stillscarce, but it documents the early evolution of the group in western Pangaea and iscrucial to understand more globally the biotic recovery after the Permo−Triassic massextinction. The Middle Triassic record is extremely scarce, but the Late Triassicarchosauromorph assemblage of South America is among the most diverse andabundant worldwide. The last decade has witnessed a considerable improvement inour knowledge of the record, taxonomy, phylogeny, and macroevolution of the groupwith the input from the South American fossils. Nevertheless, a considerable amount ofresearch is needed and ideally should be focused on some particular aspects of theTriassic evolutionary radiation of Archosauromorpha. Among them, the Early Triassicrecord should be expanded, more numerous and more complete Middle Triassicarchosauromorph specimens are crucial to have a more complete picture of theevolution of the group, and the taxonomy of groups like proterochampsids andhyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs should be clarified through detailed anatomical work.Fil: Ezcurra, Martin Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’; ArgentinaFil: Montefeltro, Felipe C.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Pinheiro, Felipe L.. Universidade Federal do Pampa; BrasilFil: Trotteyn, Maria Jimena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera; ArgentinaFil: Gentil, Adriel Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’; ArgentinaFil: Lehmann, Oscar Emilio Rodrigo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’; ArgentinaFil: Pradelli, Luciano Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’; Argentin

The Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation at Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina): fossil tetrapods, high-resolution chronostratigraphy, and faunal correlations

Present knowledge of Late Triassic tetrapod evolution, including the rise of dinosaurs, relies heavily on the fossil-rich continental deposits of South America, their precise depositional histories and correlations. We report on an extended succession of the Ischigualasto Formation exposed in the Hoyada del Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina), where more than 100 tetrapod fossils were newly collected, augmented by historical finds such as the ornithosuchid Venaticosuchus rusconii and the putative ornithischian Pisanosaurus mertii. Detailed lithostratigraphy combined with high-precision U–Pb geochronology from three intercalated tuffs are used to construct a robust Bayesian age model for the formation, constraining its deposition between 230.2 ± 1.9 Ma and 221.4 ± 1.2 Ma, and its fossil-bearing interval to 229.20 + 0.11/− 0.15–226.85 + 1.45/− 2.01 Ma. The latter is divided into a lower Hyperodapedon and an upper Teyumbaita biozones, based on the ranges of the eponymous rhynchosaurs, allowing biostratigraphic correlations to elsewhere in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, as well as to the Paraná Basin in Brazil. The temporally calibrated Ischigualasto biostratigraphy suggests the persistence of rhynchosaur-dominated faunas into the earliest Norian. Our ca. 229 Ma age assignment to Pi. mertii partially fills the ghost lineage between younger ornithischian records and the oldest known saurischians at ca. 233 Ma.Fil: Desojo, Julia Brenda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Fiorelli, Lucas Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Universidad Nacional de La Rioja. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Secretaría de Industria y Minería. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja. - Provincia de La Rioja. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja; ArgentinaFil: Ezcurra, Martin Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Martinelli, Agustín Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Ramezani, Jahandar. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Estados UnidosFil: Da Rosa, Átila. A. S.. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; BrasilFil: von Baczko, Maria Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Trotteyn, Maria Jimena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones de la Geosfera y Biosfera; ArgentinaFil: Montefeltro, Felipe C.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Ezpeleta, Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; ArgentinaFil: Langer, Max C.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasi

Hallazgos Paleontológicos en la Formación Chorrillo (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano, Cretácico Superior), Provincia de Santa Cruz, Patagonia, Argentina

The first fossil remains of vertebrates, invertebrates, plants and palynomorphs of the Chorrillo Formation (Austral Basin), about 30km to the SW of the town of El Calafate (Province of Santa Cruz), are described. Fossils include the elasmarian (basal Iguanodontia) Isasicursor santacrucensis gen. et sp. nov., the large titanosaur Nullotitan glaciaris gen. et sp. nov., both large and small Megaraptoridae indet., and fragments of sauropod and theropod eggshells. The list of vertebrates is also composed by the Neognathae Kookne yeutensis gen. et sp. nov., two isolated caudal vertebrae of Mammalia indet., and isolated teeth of a large mosasaur. Remains of fishes, anurans, turtles, and snakes are represented by fragmentary material of low taxonomical value, with the exception of remains belonging to Calyptocephalellidae. On the other hand, a remarkable diversity of terrestrial and freshwater gastropods has been documented, as well as fossil woods and palinological assemblages. The Chorrillo Formation continues south, in the Las Chinas River valley, southern Chile, where it is called Dorotea Formation. Both units share in their lower two thirds abundant materials of titanosaurs, whose remains cease to appear in the upper third, registering only elasmarians (Chorrillo Formation) and hadrosaurs (Dorotea Formation). Above both units there are levels with remains of invertebrates and marine reptiles. It is striking that the dinosaurs of the lower two thirds of the Chorrillo and Dorotea formations are represented by large basal titanosaurs and Megaraptoridae coelurosaurs, being the Saltasaurinae and Aeolosaurinae sauropods and Abelisauridae theropods totally absent. In contrast, these taxa are dominant components in sedimentary units of central and northern Patagonia (e.g., Allen, Los Alamitos, La Colonia formations). Such differences could reflect, in part, a greater antiquity (i.e., late Campanian-early Maastrichtian) for the Chorrillo fossils, or, more probably, different environmental conditions. Thus, knowledge of the biota of the southern tip of Patagonia is expanded, particularly those temporarily close to the K-Pg boundary.Fil: Novas, Fernando Emilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Agnolin, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidad Maimónides; Argentina. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara; ArgentinaFil: Rozadilla, Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Aranciaga Rolando, Alexis Mauro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Brissón Egli, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Motta, Matias Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Cerroni, Mauricio Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Ezcurra, Martin Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Martinelli, Agustín Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: D'angelo, Julia Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez Herrera, Gerardo Paulino. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Gentil, Adriel Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Bogan, Sergio. Universidad Maimónides; ArgentinaFil: Chimento, Nicolás Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: García Marsa, Jordi Alexis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Lo Coco, Gastón Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Miquel, Sergio Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Brito, Fátima Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Vera, Ezequiel Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Perez Loinaze, Valeria Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Mariela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Salgado, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; Argentin

Sustainable Development, Ecological Complexity, and Environmental Values

Sustainable Development, Ecological Complexity, and Environmental Values contributes to expanding the idea of sustainability by integrating different thematic issues related to sustainable development in its threefold consideration (economic, social, and environmental) with regard to the case of the Basque Country. On the global scale, changes have clearly accelerated; ecological and social sustainability are two facets of the same changing reality. First, social sustainability depends on ecological sustainability. If we continue degrading nature's capacity to produce the ecosystems' services (water filtration, climate stabilization, etc) and resources (food, materials), both individuals and nations will be affected by growing pressures and increasing conflicts, as well as by threats to public health and personal safety. Second, ecological sustainability depends on social sustainability, a socially unjust and unfair system wiht an ever-increasing population that is not able to have its needs met will necessarily lead to environmental collapse. In addition, human behavior and the social dynamic often lie at the heart of social and ecological problems. It must be, therefore, assumed that there will not be sustainable development if sustainable societies do not first exist. A sustainable society has the challenge of developing human capital. In this book, these global questions are treated as they relate to specific place and context, the Basque Country and its modern institutions.This book was published with generous financial support from the Basque Government.Introduction—Ignacio Ayestarán and Miren Onaindia ? 1. An Evaluation of Ecosystem Services as a Base for the Sustainable Management of a Region by Miren Onaindia and Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz ? 2. An Evaluation of Millennium Ecosystems from the Basque Country by Igone Palacios, Izaskun Casada-Arzuaga, Iosu Madariaga, and Xabier Arana ? 3. Climate Change: Activities of the EOLO Group at the University of the Basque Country by Agustín Ezcurra, Jon Sáenz, and Gabriel Ibarra-Berastegi ? 4. The Environmental Value of the Karstic Landscape of the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve: The Asnarre Promontory (Bizkaia) by Arantza Aranburu, Laura Damas-Mollá, Patxi García-Garmilla, Iñaki Yusta, M. Arriolabengoa, Peru Iridoy, and Eneko Iriarte ? 5. Recent Environmental Transformation of the Bilbao Estuary: Natural and Anthropogenic Processes by Alejandro Cearreta, Maria Jesús Irabien, and Eduardo Leorri ? 6. The Landscape of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country: The Evolution of Forest Systems by Lorena Peña and Ibone Amezaga ? 7. Critical Theories of Sustainable Development by Eguzki Urteaga ? 8. Bases for the Transition toward a Sustainable Economy by Roberto Bermejo, David Hoyos, and Eneko Garmendia ? 9. Environmental Values, the Epistemology of Complex Problems, and Postnormal Science in the Face of Global Change by Ignacio Ayestáran ? 10. Science, Gender, and Sustainable Development by Teresa Nuño Angós ? 11. Environmental Education as Training: A Case Study at the University of the Basque Country by Araitz Uskola Ibarluzea ? 12. Social Values and Sustainable Practices among Basque Inshore Fishermen by Pío Pérez Aldasoro ? 13. Sustainable Development and the Values of Well-Being and Globalization by Eduardo Rubio Ardanaz, Juan Antonio Rubio-Ardanaz, and Xiao Fang ? Index ? List of Contributor

Body Size Disparity of the Archosauromorph Reptiles during the First 90 Million Years of Their Evolution

An important parameter in studying the macroevolutionary history of a clade is the variation of its body size. However, the analysis of this parameter in archosauromorphs has been restricted to Archosauria, and the disparity in body size has not been exhaustively explored. In the present work, we study the variation in body size of more than 400 known Permian-Early Jurassic archosauromorph species in the context of their early evolutionary radiation. We analysed the disparity of body size over time and the relationship between this parameter and the palaeolatitudinal distribution of species. From these analyses, it was found that the disparity of body size of archosauromorphs increased after the Permian/Triassic boundary. In the case of Pseudosuchia and Pan-Aves (=Avemetatarsalia), the Triassic/Jurassic extinction shows a pattern of selective extinction of medium to large-sized forms, and their body size disparity decreased significantly. In contrast, dinosaurs increased their body size and their disparity did not change significantly after the Triassic/Jurassic extinction event. Regarding the relationship between body size and geographic distribution, pseudosuchians show a pattern of body size decrease towards higher palaeolatitudes, i.e., a converse Bergmann's rule. These results could be linked to physiological factors since many groups of extant ectothermic animals show a similar pattern. These analyses help to elucidate the complex body size evolutionary dynamics in the early radiation of Archosauromorpha, as indicated by the different patterns observed across its subclades.Fil: Pradelli, Luciano Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Leardi, Juan Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; ArgentinaFil: Ezcurra, Martin Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin