Integrating Business Principles in STEM Education: Fostering Entrepreneurship in Students and Educators in the US and Nigeria

Integrating business principles into STEM education is crucial for preparing students to navigate the rapidly evolving global economy driven by technological advancements and innovation. This paper explores the significance of integrating business principles in STEM education and the potential benefits for students, educators, and the economy in both the United States and Nigeria. We examine successful initiatives and programs that foster entrepreneurship among STEM students and identify best practices for effectively teaching business concepts in STEM contexts. Challenges and barriers hindering the successful integration of business principles into STEM education are also discussed, including resistance to interdisciplinary education, limited resources and support for entrepreneurship, and balancing technical and business skill development. In order to address these challenges, we propose recommendations and best practices such as adopting effective pedagogical approaches, engaging industry and community partners, and creating a supportive culture for entrepreneurship within STEM institutions. In addition, this article identifies several potential research areas for the future. These include longitudinal studies on the effects of business-integrated STEM education on entrepreneurial outcomes, comparative analyses of different approaches, and assessments of the scalability and adaptability of successful initiatives across different countries. The promotion of entrepreneurship and business skills among STEM students can enhance their employability, career prospects and contribute to economic growth. This paper urges further research and action to support the development of the next generation of STEM-educated entrepreneurs who can drive innovation and economic growth globally, both in the United States and Nigeria

Adoption of occupational health and safety as a fundamental human right and its implications for Nigerian workers

Introduction: This paper examines the recognition of occupational health and safety (OHS) as a fundamental human right and its implications for Nigerian workers. It highlights the need for employers and governments to prioritize workers’ safety and reviews the challenges faced by Nigerian employers in providing a safe working environment. Methods: A critical review of existing literature and secondary sources of information was conducted to explore the meaning of fundamental human rights as they pertain to OHS. The paper investigated the need for recognizing OHS as a fundamental right and the role of governments and employers in fulfilling this right. Results: The recognition of OHS as a fundamental human right is crucial in protecting workers’ lives and promoting decent work, leading to economic and social benefits. Employers, governments, and international organizations must respect, protect, and fulfill this right for all workers. The adoption of OHS as a fundamental right would encourage governments to introduce legislation promoting a culture of safety and sensitizing businesses to the need to implement policies, procedures, and processes to provide a safe working environment, including standard safety training and adequate resources. Conclusion: Adopting OHS as a human right is beneficial for the workforce but requires investments from employers to comply. The Ministry of Labor and Employment in Nigeria should ensure that all accidents are reported and recorded to build a useful database. Improving OHS in Nigeria necessitates compliance, training, and access to resources. Accurate data is crucial to develop effective solutions for workplace accidents

Condensation heat transfer coefficients of enhanced tubes

Paper presented to the 3rd Southern African Solar Energy Conference, South Africa, 11-13 May, 2015.In solar power generating plants, dry cooling towers are used when there is scarcity of water. Normally, condensation of the steam occurs in dry cooling towers in tubes at inclined angles. Almost all the previous work on condensation was in horizontal and vertical tubes until recently when work was done on condensation in inclined tubes but limited to smooth tubes and one type of enhanced tube. The purpose of this paper is to continue on previous work and present heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops during the condensation of R134a in an enhanced tube of inner diameter of 8.67mm with 60 fins with height of 0.22mm spiraled at an angle of 37o. The experiments were conducted at condensing temperatures of 30oC and 40oC at mass fluxes between 300 kg/m2s and 400 kg/m2s and various vapour qualities. It was found that the heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops increased with mean quality. Overall, the heat transfer enhancement factors were between 2.1 and 2.9 and the pressure drop penalty factors were between 1.2 and 1.8 with the enhancement more pronounced at lower mass fluxes. Finally, the heat transfer and pressure drops increased with decrease in condensing temperature.dc201

Flow pattern and experimental investigation of heat transfer coefficients during the condensation of r134a at low mass fluxes in a smooth horizontal tube.

An experimental study of heat transfer and flow pattern visualisation during the condensation of R134a was conducted in a smooth horizontal tube at low mass fluxes. Most previous experimental and analytical studies on in-tube condensation were conducted at high mass fluxes. In these studies, it was found that the heat transfer coefficient was not a function of the temperature difference between the tube wall temperature and condensation temperature. In addition, most heat transfer models developed were for high mass fluxes and failed to predict heat transfer coefficients at low mass fluxes properly. However, the most recent predictive heat transfer models have been based on studying and analysing the flow patterns. In all of these, only very few experimental studies have been coupled with flow pattern identification at different controlled temperature differences and mean vapour qualities at low mass fluxes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was the investigation of R134a condensing at low mass fluxes (20 –100 kg/m2s) and the identification and analysis of the flow patterns observed. The experiments were conducted in a smooth horizontal tube 8.38 mm in internal diameter with a length of 1.5 m at different mean vapour qualities and controlled temperature differences. The average saturation temperature was maintained at 40°C. The flow patterns were recorded simultaneously with a high speed video camera at the inlet and outlet of the test section through transparent sight glasses. The results showed that stratified flow and stratified-wavy were the dominant flow patterns. Stratification would differ with decreasing flow rate of the refrigerant. As the flow rate decreased, the liquid layer at the bottom of the tube increased. The study also revealed the effect of temperature difference between the tube wall and the saturation temperatures with respect to the heat transfer coefficient at low mass flow rates of the refrigerant. The higher the temperature difference, the lower the heat transfer coefficient.Papers presented to the 12th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Costa de Sol, Spain on 11-13 July 2016

Modeling of heat transfer coefficients during condensation at low mass fluxes inside horizontal and inclined smooth tubes

In this study, in-tube condensation was conducted for mass fluxes of 100, 75 and 50 kg/m2s, and temperature differences of 1, 3, 5, 8 and 10 °C. Measurements and flow regimes were captured at various mean vapor qualities between 0.1 and 0.9 inside an inclined smooth tube with an inside diameter of 8.38 mm and 1.49 m long. Fifteen distinct inclination angles from -90° to 90° were considered while the condensation temperature was always maintained at 40 °C. The experimental results showed that the inclination angle significantly influenced the flow patterns and the heat transfer coefficients. It was also shown that the heat transfer coefficient was dependent on the temperature difference, even though this dependency was greater for downward flows than for upward flows. By using the experimental data and fuzzy C-means clustering adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (FCM-ANFIS) technique, a model was proposed for the prediction of heat transfer coefficients during condensation of low mass fluxes inside inclined smooth tubes. By using three statistical criteria, the performance of the proposed model was examined against experimental data and it was found that FCM-ANFIS was a strong tool for the prediction of the heat transfer coefficient based on the effective parameters of vapor quality, temperature difference and inclination angle.http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uhte20hj2022Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineerin

Heat transfer, void fraction and pressure drop during condensation inside inclined smooth and microfin tubes

This paper presents experimental heat transfer and pressure drop measurements during the condensation of R134a at a mean saturation temperature of 40 °C inside a microfinned copper tube with an inner diameter of 8.92 mm and a helix angle of 14°. Experiments were conducted for mean qualities from 0.1 to 0.9 at different inclination angles ranging from −90° (vertically downwards) to +90° (vertically upwards), at mass fluxes of 200–600 kg/m2s. Heat transfer coefficients were calculated directly from measured data, while the frictional pressure drops were obtained from the experimental data using the Bhagwat and Ghajar void fraction correlation developed in 2014. Results were compared with those obtained from a similarly sized smooth tube having an inner diameter of 8.38 mm to obtain the relative microfin heat transfer enhancement and pressure penalty factors. For both tubes, it was found that the heat transfer coefficient increased significantly with the mean vapour quality and mass flux. For the microfin tube, the highest heat transfer coefficients were obtained at tube inclinations of between −15° and −5° (downward flows), while for the smooth tube, the highest heat transfer coefficients occurred between inclinations of between −30° and −15° (downward flows). The heat transfer enhancement factor for the microfin tube was between 0.98 and 2.38 depending on the inclination angle. For both tubes, it was found that higher frictional pressure drops occurred at higher mass fluxes. In most cases, higher vapour qualities produced higher frictional pressure drops depending on the flow pattern. The lowest frictional pressure drop occurred at either horizontal tube positions or vertical downward flow inclinations. Microfin pressure drop penalty factors ranged between approximately 0.8 and 4 depending on the mass flux, inclination and vapour quality.The NRF (South Africa) and DST (South Africa)http://www.elsevier.com/locate/etfs2020-12-01hj2019Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineerin

An improved heat transfer correlation for condensation inside inclined smooth tubes

To date, there has been no robust model that can satisfactorily predict the condensation heat transfer coefficients in smooth tubes when oriented at some angles other than horizontal and vertical. Therefore, it was the motivation of this investigation to develop a universally acceptable model capable of predicting the heat transfer coefficients during convective condensation inside inclined tubes subject to diabatic conditions. An extensive database of experimental results collected from our previous studies was used in the development of the proposed model. The database consisted of five hundred and fifty-nine data sets for tube orientation varying between - 90o and + 90o, mass velocities 100 kg/m2s to 400 kg/m2s, mean vapour qualities 10% to 90% and saturated condensing temperatures 30 °C to 50 °C. The proposed model showed a magnificient agreement with the experimental data within an global average and mean absolute deviations of −5.74% and 1.13% respectively. The performance of the new empirical model was validated with inclined flow data from three sources in the open literature and was found to predict them with high accuracy.The NRF, SANERI/SANEDI, TESP, Stellenbosch University/University of Pretoria, EEDSM Hub, CSIR and NAC.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ichmthj2021Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineerin

A quick review of the applications of artificial neural networks (ANN) in the modelling of thermal systems

Thermal systems play a main role in many industrial sectors. This study is an elucidation of the utilization of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in the modelling of thermal systems. The focus is on various heat transfer applications like steady and dynamic thermal problems, heat exchangers, gas-solid fluidized beds, and others. Solving problems related to thermal systems using a traditional or classical approach often results to near feasible solutions. As a result of the stochastic nature of datasets, using the classical models to advance exclusive designs from the experimental dataset is often a function of trial and error. Conventional correlations or fundamental equations will not proffer satisfactory solutions as they are in most cases suitable and applicable to the problems from where they are generated. A preferable option is the application of computational intelligence techniques focused on the artificial neural network model with different structures and configurations for effective analysis of the experimental dataset. The main aim of current study is to review research work related to artificial neural network techniques and the contemporary improvements in the use of these modelling techniques, its up-and-coming application in addressing variability of heat transfer problems. Published research works presented in this paper, show that problems solved using the ANN model with regression analysis produced good solutions. Limitations of the classical and computational intelligence models have been exposed and recommendations have been made which focused on creative algorithms and hybrid models for future modelling of thermal systems.http://www.etasr.com/index.php/ETASR/indexdm2022Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineerin

A Review of Noise Management Practice in Nigeria

Technological advancement, modern systems of transportation, and an expanding human population have brought in their wake a disturbing situation of exposure to environmental noise. This paper was therefore written to create awareness about the expository effects and impacts of environmental noise pollution on the human population. The target population of interest was the Nigerian population. The key findings were linked and related to existing regulations in Nigeria and other countries to enable effective intervention strategies to reduce the harmful impact of noise pollution. Noise pollution was identified as contributing to the poor health of citizens and as a barrier to development and growth at the national level. By focusing on adverse effects and risk factors, the paper highlighted methods to promote the best interests of the vulnerable population. The paper also acknowledged the issue of industrial and environmental noise pollution from the perspective of its contribution to the economic growth and development of the country. Noise pollution was, therefore, required to be measured and controlled with the help of effective strategic laws. It would help reduce the negative effects on the economy and the vulnerable Nigerian population. This paper will be useful in anticipating future reforms that can reduce the considerable noise pollution and its negative impact on the population grou

Pressure drop during condensation at low mass fluxes in smooth horizontal and inclined tubes

There are limited studies on pressure drops at low mass fluxes in smooth horizontal and inclined tubes. Thus, this paper presents the pressure drops during the condensation of R134a at low mass fluxes in smooth horizontal and inclined tubes with an internal diameter of 8.38 mm. Experiments were conducted at a saturation temperature of 40 °C at mass fluxes of 50, 75 and 100 kg/m2 s, and mean vapour qualities between 0.1 and 0.9. The temperature differences (between the mean saturation temperature and mean wall temperature) tested were 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 °C. The pressure drops between the test section inlet and outlet over a length of 1.71 m were measured and were found to be temperature difference dependent. The flow patterns were captured concurrently with two high-speed video cameras positioned at the entrance and exit of the test section through sight glasses. The effect of the vapour quality, temperature difference, mass flux, and inclination angle on the measured and frictional pressure drop was analysed and discussed. It was found that the pressure drops increased with an increase in mass flux, temperature difference and vapour quality. Furthermore, the lowest and highest measured pressure drops were obtained during the downward and upward flows respectively. On the other hand, the opposite was found for the frictional pressure drops.This work was produced as part of the requirements for a PhD in the Clean Energy Research Group of the Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Pretoria by the first author, under the supervision of the second author.The DST in South Africa.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt2020-04-01hj2019Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineerin