Histone methylases as novel drug targets: developing inhibitors of EZH2.

International audiencePost-translational modifications of histones (so-called epigenetic modifications) play a major role in transcriptional control and normal development, and are tightly regulated. Disruption of their control is a frequent event in disease. In particular, the methylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27), induced by the methylase EZH2, emerges as a key control of gene expression and a major regulator of cell physiology. The identification of driver mutations in EZH2 has already led to new prognostic and therapeutic advances, and new classes of potent and specific inhibitors for EZH2 show promising results in preclinical trials. This review examines the roles of histone lysine methylases and demethylases in cells and focuses on the recent knowledge and developments about EZH2

Antiproliferative effect of the histone demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4 in chondrosarcomas

International audienceChondrosarcoma (CS) is the second most common malignant bone sarcoma. Its treatment remains an issue, because this tumor is radio- and chemo-resistant. In the present study, we investigated the antitumoral potential of GSK-J4, a small molecule described as an inhibitor of histone demethylases UTX and JMJD3 (KDM6A and KDM6B), alone or in combination with cisplatin in CSs. Human CS-derived cell lines were treated with GSK-J4 in the presence or not of cisplatin. Survival curves were established and cell proliferation and cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry using dividing cell tracking technique utilizing carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester labeling, or DNA staining by propidium iodide. Apoptosis and senescence were also investigated. GSK-J4 decreased proliferation of CS cells. Additionally, it induced apoptosis in CH2879 and JJ012 cells, but not in SW1353 CSs. In addition, its association with cisplatin decreased cell proliferation more than drugs alone, whereas it did not increase apoptosis compared to cisplatin alone. Interestingly, GSK-J4 alone as well as in association with cisplatin did not affect chondrocyte survival or proliferation. In conclusion, this study suggests that demethylase inhibitors may be useful in improving therapy for CS in reducing its proliferation

The Antitumoral Effect of the S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase Inhibitor, 3-Deazaneplanocin A, is Independent of EZH2 but is Correlated with EGFR Downregulation in Chondrosarcomas

International audienceBackground/Aims: 3-Deazaneplanocin, DZNep, has been reported to inhibit the EZH2 histone methylase and to induce cell apoptosis in chondrosarcomas (CS). The present study aims to confirm the therapeutic potential of EZH2 inhibitors and investigate the molecular mechanisms of DZNep in chondrosarcomas.Methods: CS cell lines and primary cultures were used. Apoptosis was investigated using PARP cleavage, caspase 3/7 activity, or Apo2.7 expression. S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) were quantified by UHPLC-MS/MS. Differentially expressed genes in treated-chondrosarcomas and chondrocytes were researched by microarray analysis.Results: DZNep induced apoptosis in chondrosarcomas both in vivo and in vitro. However, this effect was not correlated to EZH2 expression nor activity, and EZH2 knock-down by siRNA did not reduce CS viability. Additionally, the reduction of H3K27me3 induced by GSK126 or tazemetostat (EPZ-6438) did not provoke chondrosarcoma death. However, as expected, DZNep induced SAH accumulation and reduced SAM:SAH ratio. Further, microarray analysis suggests a key role of EGFR in antitumoral effect of DZNep, and pharmacological inhibition of EGFR reduced chondrosarcoma survival.Conclusion: EZH2 is not an adequate target for chondrosarcoma treatment. However, DZNep induces apoptosis in chondrosarcomas in vitro and in vivo, by a mechanism likely mediated though EGFR expression. Consequently, it would be worth initiating clinical trials to evaluating efficiency to S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase or EGFR inhibitors in patients with chondrosarcomas

3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep), an Inhibitor of the Histone Methyltransferase EZH2, Induces Apoptosis and Reduces Cell Migration in Chondrosarcoma Cells

ObjectiveGrowing evidences indicate that the histone methyltransferase EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) may be an appropriate therapeutic target in some tumors. Indeed, a high expression of EZH2 is correlated with poor prognosis and metastasis in many cancers. In addition, 3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep), an S-adenosyl-L homocysteine hydrolase inhibitor which induces EZH2 protein depletion, leads to cell death in several cancers and tumors. The aim of this study was to determine whether an epigenetic therapy targeting EZH2 with DZNep may be also efficient to treat chondrosarcomas.MethodsEZH2 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and western-blot. Chondrosarcoma cell line CH2879 was cultured in the presence of DZNep, and its growth and survival were evaluated by counting adherent cells periodically. Apoptosis was assayed by cell cycle analysis, Apo2.7 expression using flow cytometry, and by PARP cleavage using western-blot. Cell migration was assessed by wound healing assay.ResultsChondrosarcomas (at least with high grade) highly express EZH2, at contrary to enchondromas or chondrocytes. In vitro, DZNep inhibits EZH2 protein expression, and subsequently reduces the trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3). Interestingly, DZNep induces cell death of chondrosarcoma cell lines by apoptosis, while it slightly reduces growth of normal chondrocytes. In addition, DZNep reduces cell migration.ConclusionThese results indicate that an epigenetic therapy that pharmacologically targets EZH2 via DZNep may constitute a novel approach to treat chondrosarcomas

Chondrosarcoma : resistance mechanisms to conventional treatments and innovative therapies

Les chondrosarcomes sont des tumeurs malignes osseuses, considérés comme radio- et chimio-résistants, du fait de leur environnement hypoxique. Dans ce contexte, cette étude vise à mieux comprendre le rôle de l’hypoxie dans la résistance de ces tumeurs à la chimiothérapie (cisplatine) et à la radiothérapie (rayons X) et à identifier de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques permettant de sensibiliser les chondrosarcomes aux traitements, par un ciblage épigénétique de la méthylation de la lysine 27 de l’histone H3 (H3K27).Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que, contrairement à ce qui est communément admis, l’hypoxie n’a pas d’effet sur la sensibilité au cisplatine ou aux rayons X dans certains chondrosarcomes alors qu’il augmente la résistance au cisplatine et la sensibilité aux rayons X uniquement dans une lignée de chondrosarcome. Dans un second temps, nous avons montré que le 3-deazaneplanocine A (DZNep) induit l’apoptose dans ces tumeurs, par un mécanisme indépendant de la méthylation de H3K27 et de sa méthylase EZH2 et semblerait agir par la voie Rhoβ/EGFR. Cependant, il provoque des effets secondaires sur la fertilité masculine. Par ailleurs, son association avec le cisplatine potentialise ses effets toxiques sur les chondrosarcomes. Le GSK-J4, quant à lui ralentit la croissance cellulaire des chondrosarcomes et son association avec le cisplatine augmente cet effet. Cette étude souligne que les chondrosarcomes possèdent des mécanismes de régulation cellulaires différents, d’où l’importance de mener des études sur plusieurs lignées cellulaires afin de mieux prédire la réponse aux traitements. De plus, ces travaux démontrent les propriétés anti-tumorales du DZNep et du GSK-J4 dans le traitement de ces tumeurs.Chondrosarcomas are bone malignant tumors, considered as radio- and chemo-resistant, due to their hypoxic environment. In this context, this study aimed to better understand the role of hypoxia in the resistance of these tumors to chemotherapy (cisplatin) and radiotherapy (X-rays) and to identify new therapeutic strategies to re-sensitize chondrosarcomas by epigenetic targeting of H3K27 methylation. First, we showed that, contrary to what is commonly accepted, hypoxia has differential effect on cisplatin or X-ray sensitivity in chondrosarcomas, while it increases cisplatin resistance and X-ray sensitivity only in one cell line. Secondly, 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) induces apoptosis in these tumors by a mechanism independent of H3K27 methylation and its methylase EZH2 and seems to act through the Rhoβ / EGFR pathway. However, it causes side effects on male fertility. In addition, its association with cisplatin potentiates its toxic effects on chondrosarcomas. The GSK-J4, on the other hand, decreases cell growth and its association with cisplatin increases this effect.This study highlights that chondrosarcomas use different cellular regulation mechanisms, showing the importance of conducting studies on several cell lines in order to better predict the response to treatments. In addition, these studies demonstrate the anti-tumoral properties of DZNep and GSK-J4 in the treatment of these tumors

Chondrosarcome : mécanismes de résistance aux traitements conventionnels et thérapies innovantes

Chondrosarcomas are bone malignant tumors, considered as radio- and chemo-resistant, due to their hypoxic environment. In this context, this study aimed to better understand the role of hypoxia in the resistance of these tumors to chemotherapy (cisplatin) and radiotherapy (X-rays) and to identify new therapeutic strategies to re-sensitize chondrosarcomas by epigenetic targeting of H3K27 methylation. First, we showed that, contrary to what is commonly accepted, hypoxia has differential effect on cisplatin or X-ray sensitivity in chondrosarcomas, while it increases cisplatin resistance and X-ray sensitivity only in one cell line. Secondly, 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) induces apoptosis in these tumors by a mechanism independent of H3K27 methylation and its methylase EZH2 and seems to act through the Rhoβ / EGFR pathway. However, it causes side effects on male fertility. In addition, its association with cisplatin potentiates its toxic effects on chondrosarcomas. The GSK-J4, on the other hand, decreases cell growth and its association with cisplatin increases this effect.This study highlights that chondrosarcomas use different cellular regulation mechanisms, showing the importance of conducting studies on several cell lines in order to better predict the response to treatments. In addition, these studies demonstrate the anti-tumoral properties of DZNep and GSK-J4 in the treatment of these tumors.Les chondrosarcomes sont des tumeurs malignes osseuses, considérés comme radio- et chimio-résistants, du fait de leur environnement hypoxique. Dans ce contexte, cette étude vise à mieux comprendre le rôle de l’hypoxie dans la résistance de ces tumeurs à la chimiothérapie (cisplatine) et à la radiothérapie (rayons X) et à identifier de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques permettant de sensibiliser les chondrosarcomes aux traitements, par un ciblage épigénétique de la méthylation de la lysine 27 de l’histone H3 (H3K27).Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que, contrairement à ce qui est communément admis, l’hypoxie n’a pas d’effet sur la sensibilité au cisplatine ou aux rayons X dans certains chondrosarcomes alors qu’il augmente la résistance au cisplatine et la sensibilité aux rayons X uniquement dans une lignée de chondrosarcome. Dans un second temps, nous avons montré que le 3-deazaneplanocine A (DZNep) induit l’apoptose dans ces tumeurs, par un mécanisme indépendant de la méthylation de H3K27 et de sa méthylase EZH2 et semblerait agir par la voie Rhoβ/EGFR. Cependant, il provoque des effets secondaires sur la fertilité masculine. Par ailleurs, son association avec le cisplatine potentialise ses effets toxiques sur les chondrosarcomes. Le GSK-J4, quant à lui ralentit la croissance cellulaire des chondrosarcomes et son association avec le cisplatine augmente cet effet. Cette étude souligne que les chondrosarcomes possèdent des mécanismes de régulation cellulaires différents, d’où l’importance de mener des études sur plusieurs lignées cellulaires afin de mieux prédire la réponse aux traitements. De plus, ces travaux démontrent les propriétés anti-tumorales du DZNep et du GSK-J4 dans le traitement de ces tumeurs

Regulation and Role of TGFβ Signaling Pathway in Aging and Osteoarthritis Joints.

International audienceTransforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a major signalling pathway in joints. This superfamilly is involved in numerous cellular processes in cartilage. Usually, they are considered to favor chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage repair. However, other studies show also deleterious effects of TGFβ which may induce hypertrophy. This may be explained at least in part by alteration of TGFβ signaling pathways in aging chondrocytes. This review focuses on the functions of TGFβ in joints and the regulation of its signaling mediators (receptors, Smads) during aging and osteoarthritis

Co-Treatment with the Epigenetic Drug, 3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) and Cisplatin after DZNep Priming Enhances the Response to Platinum-Based Therapy in Chondrosarcomas

International audienceBackground: We have previously shown that 3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) induces apoptosis in chondrosarcomas. Herein, we tested whether the combination of this epigenetic drug to a standard anticancer therapy may enhance the response to each drug in these bone tumors. Methods: Two chondrosarcoma cell lines (SW1353 and JJ012) were cultured in the presence of DZNep and/or cisplatin. Cell growth was evaluated by counting viable cells, and apoptosis was determined by Apo2.7 expression by flow cytometry. In vivo, the antitumoral effect of the DZNep/cisplatin combination was assessed through measurements of tumor volume of JJ012 xenografts in nude mice. Results: In vitro, the DZNep/cisplatin combination reduced cell survival and increased apoptosis compared to each drug alone in chondrosarcomas, but not in normal cells (chondrocytes). This enhancement of the antitumoral effect of the DZNep/cisplatin combination required a priming incubation with DZNep before the co-treatment with DZNep/cisplatin. Furthermore, in the chondrosarcoma xenograft mice model, the combination of both drugs more strongly reduced tumor growth and induced more apoptosis in tumoral cells than each of the drugs alone. Conclusion: Our results show that DZNep exposure can presensitize chondrosarcoma cells to a standard anticancer drug, emphasizing the promising clinical utilities of epigenetic-chemotherapeutic drug combinations in the future treatment of chondrosarcomas

Epigenetic therapy: a treatment for chondrosarcoma ?

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Epigenetic therapy; a promising treatment for chondrosarcoma?

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