Trajectoire d’une écologie artistique : de l’inscription sur le paysage à l’effacement de la trace

Alors que Gilles A. Tiberghien avait choisi de concentrer son étude sur le seul Land Art (ouvrage publié en 1993), les éditions Phaidon publient en 1998 un livre regroupant Land Art et art environnemental, livre dont la popularité ne semble pas faiblir, puisqu’il a été réédité en 2005. Mettant en avant l’idée qu’il s’agit, dans l’une et l’autre pratique, de « notre relation au terrain », cet ouvrage fait cependant coexister des rapports à la nature, à l’environnement mais aussi à l’art très d..

Art et environnement : prolonger la question de l'habiter

ACLNNational audienceL'environnement interpelle les artistes et les conduit depuis les années 1970 à déplacer leur angle d'intervention et à porter une attention renouvelée aux paysages, aux lieux et aux manières qu'ont les sociétés humaines de les investir. Dans le cadre d'un travail portant sur l'esthétique environnementale, et à partir d'un questionnement théorique interrogeant la manière dont l'environnement intervient dans le champ esthétique, il s'agit de voir de quelle façon certains artistes mobilisent le champ de l'habiter, et d'autres le champ de l'environnement pour introduire de nouvelles modalités de relation de l'art au territoire, notamment urbain. L'étude de projets artistiques permet de repenser la problématique environnementale souvent concentrée sur des dispositifs d'ingénierie. Il s'agit de comprendre les modalités d'une approche artistique et esthétique de l'environnement à la fois sur les plans conceptuel et pratique. Notre hypothèse est que les artistes, expérimentateurs, jouent de l'environnement pour développer de nouvelles manières d'agir sur/avec ce dernier

Social Adventure through Design & Making: Experiences of the IDIS Chair - Industry, Design & Social Innovation

<p>How can the process of making objects create meaning and belonging for the agents involved?  Through two objects and their process of making, we propose a journey in a territory, its people and a continuing history.  This journey is meant to expose how meaning and belonging can be created by the process of making (objects); and moreover how this aim could be reached in the situation of a research through design.  According to a heuristic approach, each situation created by the IDIS Chair is an opportunity to probe models of production and reflect on the ability of design to mediate experimental and valuable social experiences of work and creation.  The IDIS Chair has thus invited design students and young designers to meet and engage with various local companies and know-hows.  It also helps them to develop communication tools to make social innovation visible and graspable, so that the general public understand the added human value of such objects.  With the help of graphic designers and an anthropologist, experiential books, production cartographies and social mappings are under construction and probing for this purpose.<br></p

Au-delà du Land Art

Il est question ici d’encourager les points de vue critiques sur une mouvance artistique emblématique des années 1960-70, le Land Art, dont il s’agit d’interroger l’héritage. Comme la plupart des mouvements nés dans les années 1960, le Land Art cherchait à lier l'art et la vie, à arrêter de produire des œuvres destinées à être seulement admirées dans des musées. Dans le contexte contemporain où les notions de territoires, frontières, migrations, voire de développement durable, donnent lieu à des préoccupations communes aux artistes et aux responsables politiques, il s’agit de revenir sur ce que l’on pourrait considérer comme un legs du Land Art dans les pratiques et conceptions de la création artistique propres à notre époque

Cytochromes P450 and P-Glycoprotein Phenotypic Assessment to Optimize Psychotropic Pharmacotherapy: A Retrospective Analysis of Four Years of Practice in Psychiatry

Altered cytochromes P450 enzymes (CYP) and P-glycoprotein transporter (P-gp) activity may explain variabilities in drug response. In this study, we analyzed four years of phenotypic assessments of CYP/P-gp activities to optimize pharmacotherapy in psychiatry. A low-dose probe cocktail was administered to evaluate CYP1A2, 2B6, 2D6, 2C9, 2C19, 3A4, and P-gp activities using the probe/metabolite concentration ratio in blood or the AUC. A therapeutic adjustment was suggested depending on the phenotyping results. From January 2017 to June 2021, we performed 32 phenotypings, 10 for adverse drug reaction, 6 for non-response, and 16 for both reasons. Depending on the CYP/P-gp evaluated, only 23% to 56% of patients had normal activity. Activity was decreased in up to 57% and increased in up to 60% of cases, depending on the CYP/P-gp evaluated. In 11/32 cases (34%), the therapeutic problem was attributable to the patient&rsquo;s metabolic profile. In 10/32 cases (31%), phenotyping excluded the metabolic profile as the cause of the therapeutic problem. For all ten individuals for which we had follow-up information, phenotyping allowed us to clearly state or clearly exclude the metabolic profile as a possible cause of therapeutic failure. Among them, seven showed a clinical improvement after dosage adaptation, or drug or pharmacological class switching. Our study confirmed the interest of CYP and P-gp phenotyping for therapeutic optimization in psychiatry

Metabolomic analyses of COVID-19 patients unravel stage-dependent and prognostic biomarkers

Abstract The circulating metabolome provides a snapshot of the physiological state of the organism responding to pathogenic challenges. Here we report alterations in the plasma metabolome reflecting the clinical presentation of COVID-19 patients with mild (ambulatory) diseases, moderate disease (radiologically confirmed pneumonitis, hospitalization and oxygen therapy), and critical disease (in intensive care). This analysis revealed major disease- and stage-associated shifts in the metabolome, meaning that at least 77 metabolites including amino acids, lipids, polyamines and sugars, as well as their derivatives, were altered in critical COVID-19 patient’s plasma as compared to mild COVID-19 patients. Among a uniformly moderate cohort of patients who received tocilizumab, only 10 metabolites were different among individuals with a favorable evolution as compared to those who required transfer into the intensive care unit. The elevation of one single metabolite, anthranilic acid, had a poor prognostic value, correlating with the maintenance of high interleukin-10 and -18 levels. Given that products of the kynurenine pathway including anthranilic acid have immunosuppressive properties, we speculate on the therapeutic utility to inhibit the rate-limiting enzymes of this pathway including indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase

Factors associated with lamotrigine concentration/dose ratio in individuals with bipolar disorders

International audienceMonitoring of lamotrigine levels is recommended in epilepsy. However, in bipolar disorders (BD), no study has described the therapeutic range in daily practice and factors being associated to it. We used retrospective data of individuals with BD, treated with lamotrigine, and included in the FondaMental Advanced Centers of Expertise for Bipolar Disorders cohort. We extracted clinical and biological data and explored associations between these variables and lamotrigine concentration/dose (C/D) ratio. The database included 675 individuals who received lamotrigine at inclusion, whose main characteristics were female sex (68.3%) and BD type 2 (52.1%). Data about lamotrigine C/D ratio were available for 205 individuals. Lamotrigine C/D ratio was significantly associated with: Body Mass Index (BMI) (r=-0.159), estimated GFR (glomerular filtration rate) (r=-0.228), total bilirubin (r = 0.241) and at a trend level, antidepressant co-prescription (U = 3169). The model obtained was: lamotrigine C/D ratio = 1.736 - 0.013*BMI + 0.095*total bilirubin (UI/L) - 0.007*eGFR (ml/min) + 0.210*AST/ALT – 0.004*GGT (UI/L) + 0.014*age (year) + 0.303*currently smoking (yes or no) – 0.588*antidepressant co-prescription (yes or no) – 0.357*gender (F = 1.899, p = 0.057, adjusted R2 = 0.11) Information about plasma lamotrigine C/D ratio were available for only 205 out of the 675 individuals in the database and has been obtained from different laboratories. The representativeness of the included sample may be questionable. This is the first study providing information on a large sample of individuals with BD regarding factors associated with lamotrigine C/D ratio. This study allows to propose a model of lamotrigine C/D ratio that would deserve further replication

Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus shedding and lymphopenia are hallmarks of COVID-19 in cancer patients with poor prognosis

International audiencePatients with cancer are at higher risk of severe coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the mechanisms underlying virus–host interactions during cancer therapies remain elusive. When comparing nasopharyngeal swabs from cancer and noncancer patients for RT-qPCR cycle thresholds measuring acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 1063 patients (58% with cancer), we found that malignant disease favors the magnitude and duration of viral RNA shedding concomitant with prolonged serum elevations of type 1 IFN that anticorrelated with anti-RBD IgG antibodies. Cancer patients with a prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection exhibited the typical immunopathology of severe COVID-19 at the early phase of infection including circulation of immature neutrophils, depletion of nonconventional monocytes, and a general lymphopenia that, however, was accompanied by a rise in plasmablasts, activated follicular T-helper cells, and non-naive Granzyme B + FasL + , Eomes high TCF-1 high , PD-1 + CD8 + Tc1 cells. Virus-induced lymphopenia worsened cancer-associated lymphocyte loss, and low lymphocyte counts correlated with chronic SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding, COVID-19 severity, and a higher risk of cancer-related death in the first and second surge of the pandemic. Lymphocyte loss correlated with significant changes in metabolites from the polyamine and biliary salt pathways as well as increased blood DNA from Enterobacteriaceae and Micrococcaceae gut family members in long-term viral carriers. We surmise that cancer therapies may exacerbate the paradoxical association between lymphopenia and COVID-19-related immunopathology, and that the prevention of COVID-19-induced lymphocyte loss may reduce cancer-associated death

The Polarity and Specificity of Antiviral T Lymphocyte Responses Determine Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients with Cancer and Healthy Individuals

International audienceAbstract Vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) relies on the in-depth understanding of protective immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). We characterized the polarity and specificity of memory T cells directed against SARS-CoV-2 viral lysates and peptides to determine correlates with spontaneous, virus-elicited, or vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in disease-free and cancer-bearing individuals. A disbalance between type 1 and 2 cytokine release was associated with high susceptibility to COVID-19. Individuals susceptible to infection exhibited a specific deficit in the T helper 1/T cytotoxic 1 (Th1/Tc1) peptide repertoire affecting the receptor binding domain of the spike protein (S1-RBD), a hotspot of viral mutations. Current vaccines triggered Th1/Tc1 responses in only a fraction of all subject categories, more effectively against the original sequence of S1-RBD than that from viral variants. We speculate that the next generation of vaccines should elicit Th1/Tc1 T-cell responses against the S1-RBD domain of emerging viral variants. Significance: This study prospectively analyzed virus-specific T-cell correlates of protection against COVID-19 in healthy and cancer-bearing individuals. A disbalance between Th1/Th2 recall responses conferred susceptibility to COVID-19 in both populations, coinciding with selective defects in Th1 recognition of the receptor binding domain of spike. See related commentary by McGary and Vardhana, p. 892. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 87