Where do animal α-amylases come from? An interkingdom trip

AbstractAlpha-amylases are widely found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Few amino acids are conserved among these organisms, but at an intra-kingdom level, conserved protein domains exist. In animals, numerous conserved stretches are considered as typical of animal α-amylases. Searching databases, we found no animal-type α-amylases outside the Bilateria. Instead, we found in the sponge Reniera sp. and in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, α-amylases whose most similar cognate was that of the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. We found that this “Dictyo-type” α-amylase was shared not only by these non-Bilaterian animals, but also by other Amoebozoa, Choanoflagellates, and Fungi. This suggested that the Dictyo-type α-amylase was present in the last common ancestor of Unikonts. The additional presence of the Dictyo-type in some Ciliates and Excavates, suggests that horizontal gene transfers may have occurred among Eukaryotes. We have also detected putative interkingdom transfers of amylase genes, which obscured the historical reconstitution. Several alternative scenarii are discussed

Population genomics supports clonal reproduction and multiple independent gains and losses of parasitic abilities in the most devastating nematode pest

International audienc

Globodera rostochiensis Raw sequence reads

Genome assembl

New building family house in Třebíč

The subject of this Bachelor Thesis is a newly constructed family house located in Třebíč. The house was built using Porotherm brick – type blocks and Miako hollow ceiling bricks. The roof is of an gable design. The house has two overground floors – the second floor takes of a livable attic. The land is flat. All construction was done according to valid CSN code