'Just’ punishment? Offenders’ views on the meaning and severity of punishment

In England and Wales, ‘punishment’ is a central element of criminal justice. What punishment entails exactly, however, and how it relates to the other aims of sentencing (crime reduction, rehabilitation, public protection and reparation), remains contested. This article outlines different conceptualizations of punishment and explores to what extent offenders subscribe to these perspectives. The analysis is supported by findings from two empirical studies on the subjective experiences of imprisonment and probation, respectively. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 male and 15 female prisoners and seven male and two female probationers. Two primary conceptualizations of punishment were identified: ‘punishment as deprivation of liberty’ and ‘punishment as hard treatment’. The comparative subjective severity of different sentences and the collateral (unintended) consequences of punishment are also discussed. It is shown that there are large individual differences in the interpretation and subjective experience of punishment, which has implications for the concept of retributive proportionality, as well as the function of punishment more generally

sj-pdf-1-euc-10.1177_14773708231201726 - Supplemental material for Individual and environmental contributors to psychological distress during imprisonment

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-euc-10.1177_14773708231201726 for Individual and environmental contributors to psychological distress during imprisonment by Louis Favril and Esther F.J.C. van Ginneken in European Journal of Criminology</p

Normalized emphysema scores on low dose CT: Validation as an imaging biomarker for mortality

Contains fulltext : 181640.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access

Airway wall thickening on CT: Relation to smoking status and severity of COPD

Contains fulltext : 201027.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access

Normalized emphysema scores on low dose CT: Validation as an imaging biomarker for mortality

<div><p>The purpose of this study is to develop a computed tomography (CT) biomarker of emphysema that is robust across reconstruction settings, and evaluate its ability to predict mortality in patients at high risk for lung cancer. Data included baseline CT scans acquired between August 2002 and April 2004 from 1737 deceased subjects and 5740 surviving controls taken from the National Lung Screening Trial. Emphysema scores were computed in the original scans (origES) and after applying resampling, normalization and bullae analysis (normES). We compared the prognostic value of normES versus origES for lung cancer and all-cause mortality by computing the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) and the net reclassification improvement (NRI) for follow-up times of 1–7 years. normES was a better predictor of mortality than origES. The 95% confidence intervals for the differences in AUC values indicated a significant difference for all-cause mortality for 2 through 6 years of follow-up, and for lung cancer mortality for 1 through 7 years of follow-up. 95% confidence intervals in NRI values showed a statistically significant improvement in classification for all-cause mortality for 2 through 7 years of follow-up, and for lung cancer mortality for 3 through 7 years of follow-up. Contrary to conventional emphysema score, our normalized emphysema score is a good predictor of all-cause and lung cancer mortality in settings where multiple CT scanners and protocols are used.</p></div

Parametric response mapping adds value to current computed tomography biomarkers in diagnosing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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Illustration of an alive subject that is categorized in the high emphysema group by origES (32.44%) and in the low emphysema group by normES (0.45%).

<p>The subject was followed up for 2595 days. The CT image was acquired using a Siemens Sensation 16 scanner and reconstructed with B70f kernel and 2mm slice thickness. (A) Shows the original CT section, (B) shows the original CT section with an emphysema overlay (origES), (C) shows the normalized CT section, and (D) shows the normalized CT section with a normalized emphysema overlay (normES).</p

Baseline characteristics by mortality status.

<p>Baseline characteristics by mortality status.</p

Kaplan-Meier survival estimates by emphysema categories for all-cause mortality when emphysema is quantified by computing origES (left) and normES (right).

<p>Blue, low emphysema category; green, medium emphysema category; orange, high emphysema category. Tick marks on the curves indicate censored data. Vertical dashed lines indicate time points at 730 days (2 years), 1460 days (4 years) and 2190 days (6 years). Number on top of the dashed vertical lines indicate the number of patients being followed up until the corresponding time point. Patients that are no longer followed up may be censored or deceased.</p