Endotoxin exposure during sensitization to Blomia tropicalis allergens shifts TH2 immunity towards a TH17-mediated airway neutrophilic inflammation: role of TLR4 and TLR2

Experimental evidence and epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (eLPS) or other TLR agonists prevent asthma. We have previously shown in the OVA-model of asthma that eLPS administration during alum-based allergen sensitization blocked the development of lung TH2 immune responses via MyD88 pathway and IL-12/IFN-γ axis. In the present work we determined the effect of eLPS exposure during sensitization to a natural airborne allergen extract derived from the house dust mite Blomia tropicalis (Bt). Mice were subcutaneously sensitized with Bt allergens co-adsorbed onto alum with or without eLPS and challenged twice intranasally with Bt. Cellular and molecular parameters of allergic lung inflammation were evaluated 24 h after the last Bt challenge. Exposure to eLPS but not to ultrapure LPS (upLPS) preparation during sensitization to Bt allergens decreased the influx of eosinophils and increased the influx of neutrophils to the airways. Inhibition of airway eosinophilia was not observed in IFN-γdeficient mice while airway neutrophilia was not observed in IL-17RA-deficient mice as well in mice lacking MyD88, CD14, TLR4 and, surprisingly, TLR2 molecules. Notably, exposure to a synthetic TLR2 agonist (PamCSK4) also induced airway neutrophilia that was dependent on TLR2 and TLR4 molecules. In the OVA model, exposure to eLPS or PamCSK4 suppressed OVA-induced airway inflammation. Our results suggest that B. tropicalis allergens engage TLR4 that potentiates TLR2 signaling. This dual TLR activation during sensitization results in airway neutrophilic inflammation associated with increased frequency of lung TH17 cells. Our work highlight the complex interplay between bacterial products, house dust mite allergens and TLR signaling in the induction of different phenotypes of airway inflammation.State of Sao Paulo Foundation for Research Support (FAPESP - 07/03031-3)State of Sao Paulo Foundation for Research Support (FAPESP - 11/17880-8)CAPES, Brazilian Council of Scientific and Technologic Developmen

Mechanisms involved in the induction of allergic lung inflammation to serine protease subtilisin.

A asma ocupacional é a forma mais comum de doença pulmonar relacionada ao trabalho e vários dos casos reportados estão correlacionados à exposição de proteases. A serino protease subtilisina foi bastante utilizada na década de 60 e foi a principal responsável pela alta incidência de asma na indústria de detergente. Este projeto visou a desenvolver um modelo murino de inflamação alérgica pulmonar à subtilisina e caracterizar os mecanismos principais envolvidos nessa resposta. A sensibilização e desafio com subtilisina induziu doença alérgica pulmonar, verificada pela eosinofilia às vias aéreas, produção de muco, IgE total, hiper reatividade brônquica e produção de citocinas tipo II no pulmão. Estas respostas foram dependentes da atividade enzimática da subtilisina, PAR-2, receptor de IL-33 ST2, IL-1R e da sinalização via MyD88. Em conjunto, nossos resultados estabelecem um novo modelo experimental de asma ocupacional induzida por subtilisina e fornece os principais mecanismos moleculares responsáveis pela inflamação alérgica.Occupational asthma is the most common form of pulmonary disease related to work. Most of occupational asthma cases reported are strictly correlated with proteases exposure. Serine protease subtilisin was widely used in the detergent industry during the 60s, which resulted in increased incidence of occupational asthma. We aimed to develop and characterize a murine model of occupational asthma using subtilisin as allergen. Briefly, sensitization and challenge with subtilisin triggered lung allergic inflammation, as accessed by eosinophilic influx to the airways, mucus production, and increased levels of type II cytokines. Subtilisin induced total IgE and airway hyperactivity. Allergic responses to subtilisin were dependent on its serine protease activity, protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, IL-33 receptor ST2, IL-1R, and Myd88 signaling. Together, these data establish a new murine model of occupational asthma induced by subtilisin and provide the main molecular mechanisms responsible for allergic inflammation

From bite to brain: Neuro‐immune interactions in food allergy

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated food allergies are reported to affect around 3.5% of children and 2.4% of adults, with symptoms varying in range and severity. While being the gold standard for diagnosis, oral food challenges are burdensome, and diagnostic tools based on specific IgE can be flawed. Furthering our understanding of the mechanisms behind food allergy onset, severity and persistence could help reveal immune profiles associated with the disease, to ultimately aid in diagnosis. Alterations to cytokine levels and immune cell ratios have been identified, though further research is needed to fully capture the heterogenous nature of food allergy. Moreover, the existence of such immune alterations also raises the question of potential wider systemic effects. For example, recent research has emphasised the existence and impact of neuro‐immune interactions and implicated behavioural and neurological changes associated with food allergy. This review will provide an overview of such food allergy‐driven neuro‐immune interactions, with the aim of emphasising the importance of furthering our understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying IgE‐mediated food allergy

Regulatory T Cells Migrate to Airways via CCR4 and Attenuate the Severity of Airway Allergic Inflammation

We have previously shown that regulatory T (Treg) cells that accumulate in the airways of allergic mice upregulate CC-chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) expression. These Treg cells suppressed in vitro Th2 cell proliferation but not type 2 cytokine production. in the current study, using a well-established murine model of allergic lung disease or oral tolerance, we evaluated the in vivo activity of Treg cells in allergic airway inflammation with special focus on CCR4 function. We found that allergic, but not tolerant, mice treated with anti-CD25 Ab showed increased airway eosinophilia and IL-5- or IL-4-producing Th2 cells when compared with untreated mice. Notably, mice with CCR4 deficiency displayed an augmented airway allergic inflammation compared with wild-type or CCR2 knockout (KO) mice. the allergic phenotype of CCR4KO mice was similar to that observed in anti-CD25-treated mice. the exacerbated allergic inflammation of CCR4KO mice was directly associated with an impaired migration of Treg cells to airways and augmented frequency of pulmonary Th2 cells. Adoptive transfer of CD25(+) CD4(+) T cells expressing high levels of CCR4, but not CCR4KO CD25(+) CD4(+) T cells, attenuated the severe airway Th2 response of CCR4KO mice. Our results show that CCR4 is critically involved in the migration of Treg cells to allergic lungs that, in turn, attenuate airway Th2 activation and allergic eosinophilic inflammation. the Journal of Immunology, 2013, 190: 2614-2621.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ São Paulo, Inst Biomed Sci, Dept Immunol, BR-05508900 São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Sch Med Ribeirao Preto, Dept Biochem & Immunol, BR-14049900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo Sch Med, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo Sch Med, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Role of M2 muscarinic receptor in the airway response to methacholine of mice selected for minimal or maximal acute inflammatory response

Airway smooth muscle constriction induced by cholinergic agonists such as methacholine (MCh), which is typically increased in asthmatic patients, is regulated mainly by muscle muscarinic M3 receptors and negatively by vagal muscarinic M2 receptors. Here we evaluated basal (intrinsic) and allergen-induced (extrinsic) airway responses to MCh. We used two mouse lines selected to respond maximally (AIRmax) or minimally (AIRmin) to innate inflammatory stimuli. We found that in basal condition AIRmin mice responded more vigorously to MCh than AIRmax. Treatment with a specific M2 antagonist increased airway response of AIRmax but not of AIRmin mice. The expression of M2 receptors in the lung was significantly lower in AIRmin compared to AIRmax animals. AIRmax mice developed a more intense allergic inflammation than AIRmin, and both allergic mouse lines increased airway responses to MCh. However, gallamine treatment of allergic groups did not affect the responses to MCh. Our results confirm that low or dysfunctional M2 receptor activity is associated with increased airway responsiveness to MCh and that this trait was inherited during the selective breeding of AIRmin mice and was acquired by AIRmax mice during allergic lung inflammatio

Viral anti‐inflammatory serpin reduces immuno‐coagulopathic pathology in SARS‐CoV‐2 mouse models of infection

Abstract SARS‐CoV‐2 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induces uncontrolled lung inflammation and coagulopathy with high mortality. Anti‐viral drugs and monoclonal antibodies reduce early COVID‐19 severity, but treatments for late‐stage immuno‐thrombotic syndromes and long COVID are limited. Serine protease inhibitors (SERPINS) regulate activated proteases. The myxoma virus‐derived Serp‐1 protein is a secreted immunomodulatory serpin that targets activated thrombotic, thrombolytic, and complement proteases as a self‐defense strategy to combat clearance. Serp‐1 is effective in multiple animal models of inflammatory lung disease and vasculitis. Here, we describe systemic treatment with purified PEGylated Serp‐1 as a therapy for immuno‐coagulopathic complications during ARDS. Treatment with PEGSerp‐1 in two mouse‐adapted SARS‐CoV‐2 models in C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice reduced lung and heart inflammation, with improved outcomes. PEGSerp‐1 significantly reduced M1 macrophages in the lung and heart by modifying urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), thrombotic proteases, and complement membrane attack complex (MAC). Sequential changes in gene expression for uPAR and serpins (complement and plasminogen inhibitors) were observed. PEGSerp‐1 is a highly effective immune‐modulator with therapeutic potential for severe viral ARDS, immuno‐coagulopathic responses, and Long COVID