Anticorpos neutralizantes contra herpesvírus bovinos tipos 1 (BHV-1) e 5 (BHV-5) induzidos por uma vacina experimental anti-BHV-1 com adjuvante oleoso

Foi avaliada a capacidade de uma vacina experimental oleosa inativada contra o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 induzir anticorpos contra o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BHV-1.1 e BHV-1.2) e herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5). Bovinos foram vacinados com duas doses de vacina, aplicadas com um intervalo de 90 dias. Foi medido o título de anticorpos nos dias 0, 30, 90, 120, 180, 270 e 450 após a primeira vacinação (DPV). Os títulos de anticorpos contra BHV-1.1 e BHV-1.2 foram significativamente maiores que os contra BHV-5, ao longo do experimento. Enquanto todos os animais soroconverteram para BHV-1.1 e BHV-1.2 após a primeira dose de vacina, apenas dois em 23 animais (8,7%) soroconverteram para o BHV-5. No entanto, após o reforço, todos os animais soroconverteram contra BHV-1.1, 1.2 e BHV-5. Aos 450 DPV, 79% (15/19 animais) e 84% (10/19) ainda se encontravam soropositivos para BHV-1.1 e BHV-1.2, enquanto apenas 50% dos animais (10/19) se demonstraram positivos contra o BHV-5. Foi concluído que, embora uma vacina com alta capacidade de indução de anticorpos contra o BHV-1 possa induzir anticorpos capazes de neutralizar o BHV-5, os níveis de tais anticorpos são significativamente mais baixos e de menor duração do que aqueles induzidos contra BHV-1.1 e BHV-1.2.An experimental oil-adjuvanted, inactivated vaccine against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1.1), was produced and evaluated in its capacity to induce neutralizing antibodies against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1, subtypes 1.1 and 1.2) and bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5). Cattle were vaccinated and revaccinated 90 days later. Antibodies were measured at days 0, 30, 90, 120, 180, 270 and 450 days after the first dose of vaccine (DPV). Antibody titres to BHV-1.1 and BHV-1.2 were significantly higher than to BHV-5 throughout the experiment. While all calves seroconverted to BHV-1.1 and BHV-1.2 after the first dose of vaccine, only two out of 23 (8,7%) calves seroconverted to BHV-5. However, after the booster injection all animals seroconverted to the three virus types. At 450 DPV, 79% (15/19 cattle) and 84% (16/19) were still positive for antibodies to BHV 1.1 and BHV 1.2, whereas 50% (10/19) of the calves remained seropositive for BHV-5. It was concluded that although a potent BHV-1 vaccine may induce crossreactive neutralizing antibodies to BHV-5, the levels of such antibodies are significantly lower and of shorter duration than antibodies to BHV-1.1 or BHV-1.2

Blood or serum collected on filter paper for detection of antibodies to bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1)

Background: The method of collection as well as the packaging conditions in which samples are submitted to laboratories play a critical role on the acquisition of reliable results on diagnostic tests. Alternative methods however have been proposed, as the adsorption of blood or serum in filter paper. In this work, it was evaluated the viability of using serum or whole blood samples from bovines collected in filter paper for serological testing against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1). Materials, Methods & Results: One hundred and seven whole blood and serum samples were collected by standard methods. Serum neutralization test was used as a golden standard method for evaluation of the serum samples. The same samples of both whole blood and sera were also adsorbed on filter paper strips for further comparisons. Optimal conditions for serum and blood elution from filter paper were determined. Adsorbed samples on filter paper disks were eluted in PBS and subsequently diluted further with PBS 5% skimmed milk. The eluates were tested for antibodies to BoHV-1 in an indirect ELISA (iELISA) and matched with the results obtained by serum neutralization of standard serum samples. Comparison between results obtained by serum neutralization of standard serum samples and the ones from the iELISA of serum eluted from paper disks resulted in sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 95, 94, 80, 99%, respectively, and a correlation coefficient (κ) of 0.83. Comparison between the results of serum neutralization of standard serum samples and the ones from the iELISA of blood eluted from paper disks resulted in sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 91, 97, 87, 98% , respectively, and a correlation coefficient (κ) of 0.86. Standard serum samples were also tested in the iELISA and the results compared with those of iELISA from samples eluted from filter paper. Comparison of the results from iELISA between serum samples and serum eluted from filter paper resulted in sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 91, 81, 69, 95%, respectively, and a correlation coefficient (κ) of 0.66. The comparison of iELISA results between standard serum and blood samples eluted from filter paper resulted, in sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 78, 92, 82, 89%, respectively, and a correlation coefficient (κ) of 0.70. Fifty samples collected on filter paper were retested eight months later in order to determine whether those would retain its viability; both sensitivity and specificity remained unaltered. Discussion: Sampling on filter paper has been successfully described for antibody detection in a number of diseases such as Aujeszky’s disease virus and Newcastle disease virus. In this work, it has been demonstrated that both blood and sera collected in filter paper can be used for submission of samples aiming detection of antibodies to BoHV-1 in an iELISA, without significant loss of sensitivity and specificity. Submission of samples on filter paper is a practical and economical alternative as no special conditions are required for storaging and transporting. This method also enables the collection of samples from distant places assuring its quality for serological test

Vacinação com herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BHV-1) não protege coelhos contra encefalites por BHV-5

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Análise da patogenicidade em coelhos de uma amostra de herpesvirus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5) com deleções dos genes GE, GI e US9

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Cenários para a matriz de geração de eletricidade do Ceará em 2050: pt

Based on the worldwide proposition of energy matrix scenarios for 2050, the objective of this article is to present scenarios of electricity generation for Ceará in 2050, showing the participation of sources already used in the state's electric matrix and adding new ones. The article proposes three scenarios: a conservative one, where the present proportion of electricity generation sources of the state is maintained, a transitional one, with 50% of electricity generation from non-renewable sources and the other 50% from renewable sources, and 100% renewable, without the use of fossil or nuclear fuels. Estimates for 2050 in the state are obtained by extrapolating generation data from 2011 to 2017, reaching an estimated 94,775 GWh. In the conservative scenario, it is observed that half of this generation is made by thermoelectric plants and the other half by wind farms. In the transition scenario, dominated by the use of natural gas, the exponential growth of photovoltaic generation stands out. In the 100% renewable scenario, dominated by wind farms, in addition to the similar growth of photovoltaic generation as in the transition scenario, we highlight the use of urban solid waste and solar thermal concentration plants.A partir da proposição de cenários de matrizes energéticas a nível mundial para 2050, o objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar cenários de geração de eletricidade para o estado do Ceará em 2050, mostrando a participação de fontes já usadas na matriz elétrica do estado e acrescentando novas. O artigo propõe três cenários: um conservador, onde é mantida a proporção atual das fontes de geração de eletricidade do estado, um de transição, com 50% da geração de energia elétrica oriunda de fontes não renováveis e os outros 50% provenientes de fontes renováveis, e um 100% renovável, sem o uso de combustíveis fósseis ou nuclear. As estimativas para 2050 no estado são obtidas através de extrapolação de dados de geração de 2011 a 2017, alcançando um valor estimado de 94.775 GWh. No cenário conservador, observa-se que metade dessa geração é realizada por termelétricas e a outra metade por parques eólicos. No cenário de transição, dominado pelo gás natural, destaca-se o crescimento exponencial da geração fotovoltaica. No cenário 100% renovável, dominado por parques eólicos, além do crescimento semelhante da geração fotovoltaica como no cenário de transição, destaca-se a utilização dos resíduos sólidos urbanos e de centrais solar térmicas de concentração

In-hospital outcomes and predictors of mortality in acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock treated by primary angioplasty: data from the InCor registry

INTRODUÇÃO: O choque cardiogênico é a maior causa de morte em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento de ST (IAMCSST). O presente estudo avaliou pacientes com IAMCSST e choque cardiogênico submetidos a intervenção coronária percutânea primária com o objetivo de estabelecer seu perfil e os preditores de mortalidade hospitalar. MÉTODOS: Registro unicêntrico, incluindo 100 pacientes avaliados no período de 2001 a 2009 quanto a características clínicas, angiográficas e do procedimento, e a desfechos intra-hospitalares. Por análise multivariada foram determinados preditores independentes da mortalidade hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Com relação às características clínicas, foi observada alta prevalência de fatores de risco, sendo a taxa de sucesso angiográfico de 92%, apesar da complexidade das lesões (83,1% do tipo B2/C). A artéria mais acometida foi a descendente anterior (45%), tendo o padrão multiarterial ocorrido em 73% dos casos. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 45%, sendo seus preditores independentes o padrão multiarterial [odds ratio (OR) 2,62; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%) 1,16-5,90] e o fluxo coronário TIMI < 3 ao final do procedimento (OR 2,11, IC 95% 1,48-3,02). CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes com IAMCSST complicado por choque cardiogênico apresentaram características clínicas e angiográficas de alto risco e, apesar do alto sucesso angiográfico do procedimento, altas taxas de mortalidade. Foram preditores independentes de mortalidade o padrão multiarterial e fluxo TIMI < 3 ao final do procedimento

Virulence in Murine Model Shows the Existence of Two Distinct Populations of Brazilian Vaccinia virus Strains

Brazilian Vaccinia virus had been isolated from sentinel mice, rodents and recently from humans, cows and calves during outbreaks on dairy farms in several rural areas in Brazil, leading to high economic and social impact. Some phylogenetic studies have demonstrated the existence of two different populations of Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains circulating in nature, but little is known about their biological characteristics. Therefore, our goal was to study the virulence pattern of seven Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains. Infected BALB/c mice were monitored for morbidity, mortality and viral replication in organs as trachea, lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, brain and spleen. Based on the virulence potential, the Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains were grouped into two groups. One group contained GP1V, VBH, SAV and BAV which caused disease and death in infected mice and the second one included ARAV, GP2V and PSTV which did not cause any clinical signals or death in infected BALB/c mice. The subdivision of Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains into two groups is in agreement with previous genetic studies. Those data reinforce the existence of different populations circulating in Brazil regarding the genetic and virulence characteristics