Lethal and sublethal toxicity of Fipronil and Imidacloprid on Psyttalia concolor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Psyttalia concolor (Szèpligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a koinobiont endoparasitoid of several species of tephritid (Diptera) larvae, such as Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Here, we report on the effects of imidacloprid and fipronil on P. concolor females, when different routes of exposure were evaluated: residual contact (cover and bait sprays) and via treatment of host species. Moreover, the persistence of the bait formulated compound also was studied. For each experiment, lethal (mortality) and sublethal effects (parasitization rate or longevity) were studied. Fipronil produced 100% mortality irrespective of exposure route, and it was very persistent, because 34-d-old residues still produced this high mortality rate, being as toxic or even more toxic than the reference product dimethoate. Toxicity of imidacloprid depends on the mode of exposure, although always remained less toxic than dimethoate. Imidacloprid caused high mortality or sublethal effect to the progeny in cover sprays and when applied via treated host, being harmless in bait sprays application. In conclusion, our results suggest that fipronil should not be used in the field when the parasitoid is present. On the contrary, although imidacloprid is physiologically active against females of P. concolor, ecological selectivity may result through the use of bait treatmen

Compatibilidad de modernos insecticidas sobre el depredador generalista Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

La Directiva 2009/128/CE sobre Uso Sostenible de Plaguicidas establece que los Programas de Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIP) deben dar prioridad a los métodos de control físicos y biológicos, y que las materias activas insecticidas aplicadas deberán ser selectivas con la plaga y respetuosas con los organismos beneficiosos. El neuróptero generalista Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) es ampliamente utilizado en MIP porque controla eficazmente pulgones y otros pequeños artrópodos. Además, se trata de una de las especies de referencia consideradas por la OILB en la evaluación de los efectos secundarios de plaguicidas, cuando en la primera secuencia de evaluación resultan tóxicos los compuestos. En este trabajo se evaluó la compatibilidad de nuevos insecticidas con diferentes modos de acción sobre larvas L3 y adultos del depredador C. carnea. Las materias activas ensayadas están incluidas, o en proceso de inclusión en el Anexo I de la Directiva 91/414/EEC: flonicamida (inhibidor selectivo de la alimentación), flubendiamida (modulador del receptor de rianodina), metaflumizona (bloqueador del canal de sodio), spirotetramat (inhibidor de lípidos), sulfoxaflor (modo de acción desconocido) y deltametrina (modulador del canal de sodio). Los ensayos se realizaron exponiendo los insectos a residuo fresco de los diferentes compuestos sobre placa de vidrio tratada, en condiciones de laboratorio, aplicando la dosis máxima de campo recomendada de cada insecticida mediante Torre de Potter. Se evaluó mortalidad larvaria (24-48-72 h), pupación, emergencia y mortalidad de adultos, así como fecundidad y fertilidad (durante 7 días). En adultos se evaluó mortalidad (24-48-72 h), fecundidad y fertilidad (durante 7 días)

Side effects of modern pesticides on adults of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under laboratory conditions

Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) is a polyphagous predatory mite which feeds on pollen and small arthropod preys like whiteflies, thrips and mites. This species is widely used in IPM programs in greenhouses, being essential for its success, to obtain information about the non target effects of the pesticides currently used in those crops where the mite is artificially released. This work describes a laboratory contact residual test for evaluating lethal (mortality after 72 hour exposure to fresh residues) and sublethal effects (fecundity and fertility of the surviving mites) of eleven modern pesticides to adults of A. swirskii. Spiromesifen is lipogenesis inhibitor; flonicamid a selective feeding inhibitor with a mode of action not totally known; flubendiamide a modulator of the rhyanodin receptor, sulfoxaflor has a complex mode of action not totally ascertained; metaflumizone is a voltage dependent sodium channel blocker; methoxyfenozide is an IGR, spirotetramat inhibits lipids; abamectin and emamectin activate the Cl- channel; spinosad is a neurotix naturalyte and deltamethrin a pyrethroid used as positive standard. Selected pesticides are effective against different key pests present in horticultural crop areas and were always applied at the maximum field recommended concentration in Spain if registered, or at the concentration recommended by the supplier. Out of the tested pesticides, spiromesifen, flonicamid, flubendiamide, sulfoxaflor, metaflumizone, methoxyfenozide and spirotetramat were harmless to adults of the predatory mite (IOBC toxicity class 1). The rest of pesticides exhibited some negative effects: emamectin was slightly harmful (IOBC 2), deltamethrin moderately harmful (IOBC 3) and spinosad and abamectin harmful (IOBC 4). Further testing under more realistic conditions is needed for those pesticides having some harmful effect on the mite prior deciding their joint use or not. Key words: Amblyseius swirskii, adults, laboratory, residual test, spiromesifen, flonicamid, flubendiamide, sulfoxaflor, metaflumizone, methoxyfenozide, spirotetramat, emamectin, deltamethrin, abamectin, spinosad

Ecotoxicity of insecticides of frequent use in tomatoes on Trichogramma achaeae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Since Tuta absoluta(Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was detected in 2006 as a new pest in tomato crops in Spain, several natural enemies have been reported tocontrol this pest. In biological control programs, the native parasitoid Trichogramma achaeae Nagaraja&Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is used against T.absoluta. However, the most common control practice is based on use of pesticides,and in the frame of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, the knowledge on the activity of insecticides towards beneficial insects is needed for its joint use. In thiswork, we evaluated lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides commonly applied on tomato crops on adults of T. achaeae. Pesticides were sprayed on tomato plants or T. Absoluta eggs till run off at their maximum field recommended concentration. Mortality was scored after 24, 48 and 72 hours, as well as beneficial capacity and percentage of emergence

Guía de gestión integrada de plagas: mango

Coordinadores: Ángel Martín Gil y Gregoria Aranda Aranda

Guía de gestión integrada de plagas: aguacate

Coordinadores: Ángel Martín Gil y Gregoria Aranda Aranda

Plagas de almacén del arroz y enemigos naturales en Calasparra (Murcia)

Se ha realizado una prospección de las plagas y enemigos naturales presentes en los almacenes de arroz de la denominación de origen Calasparra durante 2001 y 2002. Con respecto a las plagas, se han identificado a: 9 especies de coleópteros, 3 de lepidópteros, 5 de psocópteros y 1 de acaridida. Las especies más dañinas encontradas fueron el capuchino de los granos (Rhizopertha dominica Fabricius) y el gorgojo del arroz (Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus). Además, se capturaron diversos enemigos naturales como los parasitoides Anisopteromalus calandrae Howard y Lariophagus distinguendus Forster (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) y los depredadores Withius piger E. Simon (Pseudoscorpionoidea: Whitiidae) y Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans (Acari: Cheyletidae). La presencia de plagas estuvo asociada a aquellos casos en donde tanto la temperatura como la humedad relativa presentaban valores por encima de lo recomendado para el almacenamiento del grano