The charming physician (El médico encantador): neurological conditions in a short story by Silvina Ocampo

ABSTRACT The Argentinian author Silvina Ocampo (1903-1993) left us a vast body of works which are considered outstanding in many ways. In 1960, she published a short story, entitled “El médico encantador” (The Charming Physician), in the renowned literary magazine Sur. The central character of this piece is a family doctor named Albino Morgan, who had a secret truth: in any house he visited, all variety of disease also entered. He brought with him the viruses he disseminated. The narrator of this short story—one of his patients—describes four of Morgan’s diseases. These imaginary neurological conditions allowed Ocampo to explore improbable situations in everyday life. Keywords: neurology; medicine in literature; medicine in art; agnosia; sleep initiation and maintenance disorders RESUMO A autora argentina Silvina Ocampo (1903-1993) deixou-nos uma vasta obra que é considerada excelente de várias maneiras. Em 1960, publicou um conto, intitulado “El médico encantador” (O médico encantador), na famosa revista literária Sur. O personagem principal desta obra é um médico de família chamado Albino Morgan que possuía uma verdade secreta: em qualquer casa que ele visitava, também entrava toda a diversidade de doenças. O narrador deste conto -um dos seus pacientes- descreve quatro das doenças de Morgan. Estas condições neurológicas imaginárias permitiu a Ocampo explorar as situações improváveis da vida quotidiana. Palabras-Clave: neurologia; medicina na literatura; medicina na arte; agnosia; distúrbios do início e da manutenção do sono

Cefalea en racimos

La cefalea en racimos es un síndrome doloroso primario estereotipado que constituye probablemente la causa de cefalea más severa existente. Se caracteriza por cefalea estrictamente unilateral, de predominio nocturno, con duración de 15 a 180 minutos, acompañada de al menos un fenómeno autonómico ipsilateral. Los síntomas se presentan varias ocasiones al día (en racimos), tienen periodicidad y comportamiento rítmico circadiano. Su incidencia es de 4-15 casos por 100 000, su prevalencia anual es de 53 casos por 100 000, tiene un radio hombre:mujer de 4-9:1 y la edad de inicio más frecuente es de 27 a 31 años. Existe predisposición genética para la enfermedad existiendo un familiar en primera línea en 3,4-12% de los pacientes afectados. En su fsiopatología están involucrados cambios en el sistema trigémino-vascular, el seno cavernoso, el tálamo ventral-posterior, la corteza frontal, el cíngulo, la ínsula, los ganglios basales y la sustancia gris hipotálamica inferior y posterior. Los cambios autonómicos son debidos a activación parasimpática por el nervio facial a través del ganglio pterigopalatino y a defciencia transitoria del sistema simpático-cervical. Existe modifcación en los niveles del péptido relacionado al gen de la calcitonina, péptido intestinal vasoactivo, L-arginina-óxido nítrico, endotelina-1, testosterona, tirotropina, cortisol, hormona del crecimiento, hormona luteinizante, prolactina y melatonina. El tratamiento se divide en: farmacológico agudo que incluye oxígeno, uso de cámara hiperbárica, triptanos sumatriptán, zolmitriptán, ergotamínicos y lidocaína intranasal; profláctico transicional y crónico que contiene esteroides, ergotamínicos, verapamilo, metisergide, carbonato de litio, ácido valpróico y melatonina; y tratamiento invasivo consistente en bloqueo, cirugía, entre otros.  Palabras clave: Cefalea en racimos. Sistema trigémino-vascular. Cambios autonómicos.     Cluster headache is a stereotyped primary pain syndrome that is probably the most severe cause of headache existing. It is characterized by strictly unilateral headache, predominantly nocturnal, lasting from 15 to 180 minutes, accompanied by at least one ipsilateral autonomic phenomena. Symptoms occur several times a day (clusters) having a rhythmic periodicity and a circadian behavior. Its incidence is 4-15 cases per 100000, the annual prevalence is 53 cases per 100000., and has a radius male: female 4-9:1. The most common age of onset is 27 to 31 years. There is a genetic predisposition for the disease with the existence of a frst line family member in 3,4-12% of affected patients. Pathophysilogically it involves changes in the trigémino-vascular system, the cavernous sinus, the ventral-posterior thalamus, frontal cortex, the cingulum, the Ínsula, basal ganglia, the inferior and posterior hypothalamic gray matter. Autonomic changes are due to parasympathetic activation by the facial nerve through the pterygopalatine ganglion and transitory defciency of the cervical sympathetic system. There is a modifcation in the levéis of gene-related peptide calcitonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, L-arginine-nitric oxide, endothelin-1, testosterone, thyrotropin, cortisol, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin and melatonin. The treatment is divided in: acute pharmacology including oxygen, the use of hyperbaric chamber, triptans, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, ergotamine and ¡ntranasal lidocaine, transitional and chronic prophylactic containing steroids, ergotamine, verapamil, metisergide, lithium carbonate, valproic acid and melatonin, and invasive treatment consisting on blockade, surgery, among others.  Key words: Cluster Headache. Autonomic Changes. Trigeminal Vascular System

Korotkoff Sounds - The Improbable also Occurs

Poucas descobertas tiveram um impacto tão grande e tamanha relevância para a Medicina clínica como a medição não-invasiva da pressão arterial diastólica. Vários fisiologistas e clínicos talentosos estavam, sem sucesso, em busca de um método não-invasivo para determinar a pressão diastólica. No entanto, a quantificação da pressão arterial diastólica não foi conseguida por qualquer um desses pesquisadores clínicos ou fisiológicos, mas por uma figura improvável e inesperada: Nikolai Sergeevich Korotkoff (1874-1920), um jovem cirurgião do exército russo, trabalhando em condições precárias sob as dificuldades de diversas guerras. É fácil descartar o feito de Korotkoff como uma descoberta fortuita semelhante à de Alexander Fleming na descoberta da penicilina. No entanto, a recente teoria do cisne negro de Nassim N. Taleb pode servir para ilustrar sua descoberta de uma nova e, talvez, surpreendente, forma

A case of tactile agnosia with a lesion restricted to the post-central gyrus

Tactile agnosia has been described after lesions of the primary sensory cortex but the exact location and extension of those lesions is not clear. We report the clinical features and imaging findings in a patient with an acute ischemic stroke restricted to the primary sensory area (S1). A 73-year-old man had a sudden onset of a left alien hand, without left hemiparesis. Neurological examination showed intact primary sensory functions, but impaired recognition of shape, size (macrogeometrical) and texture (microgeometrical) of objects; damage confined to the post-central gyrus, sparing the posterior parietal cortex was demonstrated on MRI. An embolic occlusion of the anterior parietal artery was suspected as mechanism of stroke. Tactile agnosia with impaired microgeometrical and macrogeometrical features′ recognition can result from a single lesion in the primary sensory cortex (S1) in the right parietal hemisphere, sparing other regions of the cerebral cortex which presumably participate in tactile object recognition

The charming physician (El médico encantador): neurological conditions in a short story by Silvina Ocampo

ABSTRACT The Argentinian author Silvina Ocampo (1903-1993) left us a vast body of works which are considered outstanding in many ways. In 1960, she published a short story, entitled “El médico encantador" (The Charming Physician), in the renowned literary magazine Sur. The central character of this piece is a family doctor named Albino Morgan, who had a secret truth: in any house he visited, all variety of disease also entered. He brought with him the viruses he disseminated. The narrator of this short story—one of his patients—describes four of Morgan's diseases. These imaginary neurological conditions allowed Ocampo to explore improbable situations in everyday life

Review Article - The articles of Babinski on his sign and the paper of 1898

In 1896 Joseph François Felix Babinski described for the first time the phenomenon of the toes; nevertheless in this first paper he simply described extension of all toes with pricking of the sole of the foot. It was not until the second paper of 1898 that he specifically described the extension of the hallux with strong tactile stimulation (stroking) of the lateral border of the sole. Babinski probably discovered his sign by a combination of chance observation and careful re-observation and replication. He also had in mind practical applications of the sign, particularly in the differential diagnosis with hysteria and in medico-legal areas. Several of the observations and physiopathological mechanisms proposed by Babinski are still valid today, e.g., he realized since 1896 that the reflex was part of the flexor reflex synergy and observed that several patients during the first hours of an acute cerebral or spinal insult had absent extensor responses. He also found that most patients with the abnormal reflex had weakness of dorsiflexion of the toes and ankles and observed a lack of correlation between hyperactive myotatic reflexes and the presence of an upgoing hallux. He discovered that not all patients with hemiplegia or paraplegia had the sign but thought erroneously that some normal subjects could have an upgoing toe. Between 1896 and 1903 Babinski continued to think on the sign that bears his name and enrich its semiological and physiopathological value