Análisis etnoarqueológico del valor social del producto en sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras

This work was formulated as a consequence of considering the necessity of a value theory (that is, an economical theory), in archaeology. From our materialist perspective, that would allow us to set the basis for an objective analysis of past societies, understanding that only through the knowledge of their material life conditions and their social organization we would be able to know their historical becoming. We were reaching a common index that would make possible to compare different occupations and sites in Tierra del Fuego. This index would be used to make inferences about the amount of work invested in every occupation, amount of work that could be understood as the duration of the occupation or as the amount of people in that camp-site. On the other hand, on the basis of the Main Contradiciton formulation, we could establi sh a mechanism to quantify different participation in the production cycle and the existing differences in the access to the consumption of what has been produced. This will drive us to the formulation of a method to identify social explotation.Este trabajo surgió como consecuencia de varias preocupaciones. En primer lugar, considerábamos, desde hacía ya tiempo, la necesidad de una teoría del valor (económica, por tanto), en Arqueología; preocupación compartida con otros investigadores/as. Desde nuestra perspectiva materialista, ello nos había de permitir sentar las bases para un análisis objetivo de las sociedades prehistóricas, entendiendo que tan sólo a través delconocimiento de Las condiciones materiales de vida, y de la estructuración u organización de las relaciones sociales, podremos llegar a conocer el devenir histórico de las mismas. Buscábamos un índice, un común denominador, que nos permitiera poder comparar diferentes ocupaciones y yacimientos actualmente (y desde hace ya más de una década) en estudio en Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). Este índice debería permitirnos, por un lado realizar inferencias sobre la cantidad de trabajo invertida en cada ocupación de los diferentes asentamientos Yámana. Lo cual podría ser interpretado en clave de ti empo de ocupación o de cantidad de personas ocupando el sitio. Y por otro lado, y sobre la base de la formulación de la Contradicción Principal, podría establecer un mecanismo que nos permitiera cuantificar la participación diferencial en la producción y las disimetrías en el acceso al consumo de lo producido, estableciendo un «cálculo» para la identificación de la explotación. Este último interés tiene mucho que ver con el aceptado concepto de «sociedades igualitarias » aplicado a las sociedades cazadoras recolectoras, concepto cuestionable en tanto que surge de una aproximación androcéntrica. Este trabajo ha sido posible, en el caso de la sociedad Yámana, gracias a la exhaustiva y variada información etnográfica confrontada a una completa información arqueológica. El objetivo final es conseguir generar propuesta metodológica contrastada que nos permita este tipo de acercamientos a sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras prehistóricas

Polarimetric imaging of biological tissues based on the indices of polarimetric purity

We highlight the interest of using the indices of polarimetric purity (IPPs) to the inspection of biological tissues. The IPPs were recently proposed in the literature and they result in a further synthetization of the depolarizing properties of samples. Compared with standard polarimetric images of biological samples, IPP-based images lead to larger image contrast of some biological structures and to a further physical interpretation of the depolarizing mechanisms inherent to the samples. In addition, unlike other methods, their calculation do not require advanced algebraic operations (as is the case of polar decompositions), and they result in 3 indicators of easy implementation. We also propose a pseudo-colored encoding of the IPP information that leads to an improved visualization of samples. This last technique opens the possibility of tailored adjustment of tissues contrast by using customized pseudo-colored images. The potential of the IPP approach is experimentally highlighted along the manuscript by studying 3 different ex-vivo samples. A significant image contrast enhancement is obtained by using the IPP-based methods, compared to standard polarimetric images

Indices of polarimetric purity to enhance the image quality in biophotonics applications

Ponència presentada a: Biophotonics: Photonic Solutions for Better Health Care (Strasbourg, France: 6th, 22-26 April 2018)Recently, a set of polarimetric indicators, the Indices of Polarimetric Purity (IPPs), were described in the literature. These indicators allow synthesize depolarization content of samples, and provide further analysis of depolarizers than other existing polarimetric indicators. We demonstrate the potential of the IPPs as a criterion to characterize and classify depolarizing samples. In particular, the method is firstly analyzed through a series of basic polarization experiments, and we prove how differences in the depolarizing capability of samples, concealed from the commonly used depolarization index P∆, are identified with the IPPs. In the second part of this work, the method is experimentally highlighted by studying a rabbit leg ex-vivo sample. The obtained images of the ex-vivo sample illustrate how IPPs provide a significant enhancement in the image contrast of some biological tissues and, in some cases, present new information hidden in the usual polarimetric channels. Moreover, new physical interpretation of the sample can be derived from the IPPs which allow us to synthesize the depolarization behavior. Finally, we also propose a pseudo-colored encoding of the IPPs information that provides an improved visualization of the samples. This last technique opens the possibility to highlight a specific tissue structure by properly adjusting the pseudo-colored formula

Image enhancement by spatial frequency post-processing of images obtained with pupil filters

The use of apodizing or superresolving filters improves the performance of an optical system in different frequency bands. This improvement can be seen as an increase in the OTF value compared to the OTF for the clear aperture. In this paper we propose a method to enhance the contrast of an image in both its low and its high frequencies. The method is based on the generation of a synthetic Optical Transfer Function, by multiplexing the OTFs given by the use of different non-uniform transmission filters on the pupil. We propose to capture three images, one obtained with a clear pupil, one obtained with an apodizing filter that enhances the low frequencies and another one taken with a superresolving filter that improves the high frequencies. In the Fourier domain the three spectra are combined by using smoothed passband filters, and then the inverse transform is performed. We show that we can create an enhanced image better than the image obtained with the clear aperture. To evaluate the performance of the method, bar tests (sinusoidal tests) with different frequency content are used. The results show that a contrast improvement in the high and low frequencies is obtained.Fil: Estévez, Irene. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Escalera, Juan C.. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Pears Stefano, Quimey Martín. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Iemmi, Claudio César. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ledesma, Silvia Adriana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Yzuel, María J.. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Campos, Juan. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Españ

Polarimetric imaging of biological tissues based on the indices of polarimetric purity

We highlight the interest of using the indices of polarimetric purity (IPPs) to the inspection of biological tissues. The IPPs were recently proposed in the literature and they result in a further synthetization of the depolarizing properties of samples. Compared with standard polarimetric images of biological samples, IPP-based images lead to larger image contrast of some biological structures and to a further physical interpretation of the depolarizing mechanisms inherent to the samples. In addition, unlike other methods, their calculation do not require advanced algebraic operations (as is the case of polar decompositions), and they result in 3 indicators of easy implementation. We also propose a pseudo-colored encoding of the IPP information that leads to an improved visualization of samples. This last technique opens the possibility of tailored adjustment of tissues contrast by using customized pseudo-colored images. The potential of the IPP approach is experimentally highlighted along the manuscript by studying 3 different ex-vivo samples. A significant image contrast enhancement is obtained by using the IPP-based methods, compared to standard polarimetric images

Indices of polarimetric purity to enhance the image quality in biophotonics applications

Ponència presentada a: Biophotonics: Photonic Solutions for Better Health Care (Strasbourg, France: 6th, 22-26 April 2018)Recently, a set of polarimetric indicators, the Indices of Polarimetric Purity (IPPs), were described in the literature. These indicators allow synthesize depolarization content of samples, and provide further analysis of depolarizers than other existing polarimetric indicators. We demonstrate the potential of the IPPs as a criterion to characterize and classify depolarizing samples. In particular, the method is firstly analyzed through a series of basic polarization experiments, and we prove how differences in the depolarizing capability of samples, concealed from the commonly used depolarization index P∆, are identified with the IPPs. In the second part of this work, the method is experimentally highlighted by studying a rabbit leg ex-vivo sample. The obtained images of the ex-vivo sample illustrate how IPPs provide a significant enhancement in the image contrast of some biological tissues and, in some cases, present new information hidden in the usual polarimetric channels. Moreover, new physical interpretation of the sample can be derived from the IPPs which allow us to synthesize the depolarization behavior. Finally, we also propose a pseudo-colored encoding of the IPPs information that provides an improved visualization of the samples. This last technique opens the possibility to highlight a specific tissue structure by properly adjusting the pseudo-colored formula

Dating of a muskox (Ovibos moschatus) skull fragment from Jamtland, Sweden: Middle Weichselian age

A radiocarbon age determination of a tundra muskox (Ovibos moschatus) skull fragment from Jamtland, central Sweden gave an age of 44 000 +/- 1500 C-14 years BP or c. 46-49 cal. ka, indicating that the species was a member of the Middle Weichselian fauna of Sweden. The age confirms that central Sweden was ice-free during parts of the Middle Weichselian, prior to the last glacial maximum, as shown by previous studies. The region was probably characterised by treeless arctic to subarctic tundra environments

Análisis etnoarqueológico del valor social del producto en sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras

This work was formulated as a consequence of considering the necessity of a value theory (that is, an economical theory), in archaeology. From our materialist perspective, that would allow us to set the basis for an objective analysis of past societies, understanding that only through the knowledge of their material life conditions and their social organization we would be able to know their historical becoming. We were reaching a common index that would make possible to compare different occupations and sites in Tierra del Fuego. This index would be used to make inferences about the amount of work invested in every occupation, amount of work that could be understood as the duration of the occupation or as the amount of people in that camp-site. On the other hand, on the basis of the Main Contradiciton formulation, we could establi sh a mechanism to quantify different participation in the production cycle and the existing differences in the access to the consumption of what has been produced. This will drive us to the formulation of a method to identify social explotation.Este trabajo surgió como consecuencia de varias preocupaciones. En primer lugar, considerábamos, desde hacía ya tiempo, la necesidad de una teoría del valor (económica, por tanto), en Arqueología; preocupación compartida con otros investigadores/as. Desde nuestra perspectiva materialista, ello nos había de permitir sentar las bases para un análisis objetivo de las sociedades prehistóricas, entendiendo que tan sólo a través delconocimiento de Las condiciones materiales de vida, y de la estructuración u organización de las relaciones sociales, podremos llegar a conocer el devenir histórico de las mismas. Buscábamos un índice, un común denominador, que nos permitiera poder comparar diferentes ocupaciones y yacimientos actualmente (y desde hace ya más de una década) en estudio en Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). Este índice debería permitirnos, por un lado realizar inferencias sobre la cantidad de trabajo invertida en cada ocupación de los diferentes asentamientos Yámana. Lo cual podría ser interpretado en clave de ti empo de ocupación o de cantidad de personas ocupando el sitio. Y por otro lado, y sobre la base de la formulación de la Contradicción Principal, podría establecer un mecanismo que nos permitiera cuantificar la participación diferencial en la producción y las disimetrías en el acceso al consumo de lo producido, estableciendo un «cálculo» para la identificación de la explotación. Este último interés tiene mucho que ver con el aceptado concepto de «sociedades igualitarias » aplicado a las sociedades cazadoras recolectoras, concepto cuestionable en tanto que surge de una aproximación androcéntrica. Este trabajo ha sido posible, en el caso de la sociedad Yámana, gracias a la exhaustiva y variada información etnográfica confrontada a una completa información arqueológica. El objetivo final es conseguir generar propuesta metodológica contrastada que nos permita este tipo de acercamientos a sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras prehistóricas

Carnivore taphonomy in South America: a review of actualistic studies and their implications in the southern Neotropics

Actualistic studies on mammalian carnivore taphonomy in southern South America are reviewed here, including pumas, small cats, foxes, and other, smaller carnivores. Patterns for different carnivore taxa and their variation are elicited. Also temporal and spatial variability is analysed, and comparisons are made to other carnivores and regions. While generally these Neotropical carnivores produce low damage intensity, stronger modifications and their implications are described as well. These patterns and their variation are put in context by taking into account the particular physical and biotic conditions in the southern Neotropics.Fil: Mondini, Nora Mariana. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades. Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba; Argentin