19 research outputs found

    Spatial and temporal dimensions of landscape fragmentation across the Brazilian Amazon

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    The Brazilian Amazon in the past decades has been suffering severe landscape alteration, mainly due to anthropogenic activities, such as road building and land clearing for agriculture. Using a high-resolution time series of land cover maps (classified as mature forest, non-forest, secondary forest) spanning from 1984 through 2011, and four uncorrelated fragmentation metrics (edge density, clumpiness index, area-weighted mean patch size and shape index), we examined the temporal and spatial dynamics of forest fragmentation in three study areas across the Brazilian Amazon (Manaus, SantarĂ©m and Machadinho d’Oeste), inside and outside conservation units. Moreover, we compared the impacts on the landscape of: (1) different land uses (e.g. cattle ranching, crop production), (2) occupation processes (spontaneous vs. planned settlements) and (3) implementation of conservation units. By 2010/2011, municipalities located along the Arc of Deforestation had more than 55% of the remaining mature forest strictly confined to conservation units. Further, the planned settlement showed a higher rate of forest loss, a more persistent increase in deforested areas and a higher relative incidence of deforestation inside conservation units. Distinct agricultural activities did not lead to significantly different landscape structures; the accessibility of the municipality showed greater influence in the degree of degradation of the landscapes. Even with a high proportion of the landscapes covered by conservation units, which showed a strong inhibitory effect on forest fragmentation, we show that dynamic agriculturally driven economic activities, in municipalities with extensive road development, led to more regularly shaped, heavily fragmented landscapes, with higher densities of forest edge

    Counselling sessions increased duration of exclusive breastfeeding: a randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers

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    Background: Considering that adolescent mothers may be more vulnerable to discontinuing exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) before 6 months and that their mothers may exert a negative influence on this practice, this study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the efficacy of breastfeeding counselling for adolescent mothers and their mothers in increasing EBF duration. Methods: A clinical trial was performed in 323 adolescent mothers with newborns and their mothers randomized in four groups: (1) not living with mother, without intervention; (2) not living with mother, with intervention; (3) living with mother, without intervention, (4) living with mother, with intervention. The intervention consisted of five counselling sessions directed to mother and grandmother, in the maternity hospital and on follow-up. Information about feeding practices during the newborn’s first six months of life was collected monthly by telephone. Intervention’s efficacy was measured through Cox regression and comparison of exclusive breastfeeding medians and survival curves for the different groups. Results: The intervention increased the duration of EBF by67 days for the group which included grandmothers (HR = 0.64; CI 95% = 0.46-0.90) and 46 days for the group which did not include grandmothers (HR = 0.52; CI 95% = 0.36-0.76). Conclusions: Counselling sessions in the first four months of children’s lives proved to be effective in increasing EBF duration among adolescent mothers

    A percepção da equipe de enfermagem sobre humanização do parto e nascimento

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    Este trabalho se trata de uma pesquisa qualitativa de abordagem descritiva, que discute a percepção da equipe de enfermagem sobre a humanização do parto e nascimento. Participaram como depoentes do estudo profissionais da ĂĄrea de enfermagem que atuam em sala de parto de duas instituiçÔes pĂșblicas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A anĂĄlise dos dados construĂ­da a partir dos depoimentos das participantes do estudo originou a construção das seguintes categorias: humanização no entendimento da equipe de enfermagem; prĂĄticas que a equipe de enfermagem considera humanizadoras; prĂĄticas que a equipe de enfermagem considera desumanizadoras; e a Enfermagem diante do tema humanização. Nas consideraçÔes finais, ficou evidenciada a diferença perceptiva das depoentes e a necessidade de mudança de atitude e postura dos profissionais de enfermagem diante da assistĂȘncia ao parto e nascimento, reconhecendo sua importĂąncia como membro da equipe de saĂșde na assistĂȘncia Ă  mulher e ao neonato.Es un trabajo sobre una investigaciĂłn cualitativa de abordaje descriptivo, que discute la percepciĂłn del equipo de EnfermerĂ­a en la humanizaciĂłn del parto y del nacimiento. HabĂ­an participado como depoentes del estudio profesionales del ĂĄrea de enfermerĂ­a que actĂșan en la sala de parto de dos instituciones pĂșblicas de la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro. El anĂĄlisis de los datos construidos de las deposiciones de los participantes del estudio, originĂł la construcciĂłn de las siguientes categorĂ­as: HumanizaciĂłn en el Entendimiento del Equipo de EnfermerĂ­a; PrĂĄcticas que el equipo de enfermerĂ­a considera humanizadoras; PrĂĄcticas que el equipo de enfermerĂ­a no considera humanizadoras; y La enfermerĂ­a delante del tema humanizaciĂłn. En las consideraciones finales fue evidenciada la diferencia perceptora de las depoentes y de la necesidad del cambio de la actitud y posiciĂłn de los profesionales de EnfermerĂ­a frente a la ayuda al parto y al nacimiento, reconociendo su importancia como miembro del equipo de salud en la ayuda a la mujer y al neonato.This work is about a qualitative research of descriptive boarding, that argues the perception of the Nursing staff on the humanization of the labor and birth. Had participated as deponents of the study nursing area professionals who act in childbirth room of two public institutions of Rio de Janeiro. The analysis of the data was constructed with the depositions of the participants of the study, originating the construction of the following categories: Humanization in the Agreement of the Nursing Staff; Practical that the nursing staff considers as humanizators; Practical that the nursing staff considers as non-humanizator; and The nursing ahead of the humanization subject. In the final considerations it was evidenced the percipient difference of the deponents and the necessity of attitude change and position of the professionals of Nursing front to the assistance to the labor and birth, recognizing its importance as member of the staff of health in the assistance to woman and to the newborn

    Low welfare impact of noise : assessment in an experimental model of mice infected by Herpes simplex-1

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    The breeding practices adopted and the equipment typically found in animal facilities produce sounds at frequencies within the auditory range of the mice (1 to 100 kHz), which can cause hearing and other non-hearing effects. Another aspect that could potentially affects the welfare of experimental animals would be their impaired health condition, since in addition to all the variables present in the environment, some of them are deliberately infected with pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of the chronic exposure of C57BL/6 and Tlr2/Tlr9(−/−) mice, uninfected and infected, with a low m.o.i. of Herpes simplex-1, at different noise levels present in the “Quiet” and “Noisy” rooms. Considering all procedures, a total of 51 male mice were used, 27 of the C57BL/6 and 24 of the Tlr2/Tlr9(−/−) strains. Physiological parameters such as weight gain, hemogram, cholesterol, glucose,corticosterone and cytokines involved in the immune response were evaluated together with the animals’ behavioral responses in Open Field and Light/Dark tests. In relation to the physiological parameters in C57BL/6, there was infection x noise interaction (P <  0.05) with greater weight gain by the infected “Quiet” group (P <  0.05) when compared to the infected “Noisy” group. In the hemogram of C57BL/6 there was infection x noise interaction (P <  0.01) in the platelets, with increase by the infected “Quiet” group when compared to the control “Quiet” and infected “Noisy” group (P <  0.05). No significant differences were found between the groups in the cholesterol, glucose and corticosterone concentrations. Regarding the production of cytokines in C57BL/6 there was infection x noise interaction (P <  0.05), with a lower production of gamma interferon in control “Quiet” group when compared to the infected “Quiet” group and to the control “Noisy” group (all P <  0.05). In behavioral tests there was no difference between the groups. Our results demonstrated that although the noise and infection influence have caused changes in some physiological and immunological parameters, they were not sufficient to promote measurable change in the stress parameters evaluated, since that corticosterone concentration and the responses of the animals from different groups in the behavioral tests were not different. This study demonstrated that the noise level found in the animal facility caused a low impact on the welfare of experimental mice

    InsuficiĂȘncia cardĂ­aca: estratĂ©gias usadas por idosos na busca por qualidade de vida

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    Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa cujos objetivos foram identificar as repercussĂ”es da insuficiĂȘncia cardĂ­aca na qualidade de vida dos idosos; descrever as estratĂ©gias utilizadas no enfrentamento destas repercussĂ”es e conhecer as percepçÔes acerca dos cuidados de enfermagem. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com dez idosos com insuficiĂȘncia cardĂ­aca em um hospital militar do Rio de Janeiro-RJ. Identificou-se que a insuficiĂȘncia cardĂ­aca gera repercussĂ”es emocionais, fĂ­sicas e financeiras na vida dos idosos, ocasionando impacto na qualidade de vida. Dentre as estratĂ©gias criadas pelos idosos, verificou-se o enfrentamento paliativo e o enfrentamento emocional. Os cuidados de enfermagem evidenciados foram orientação, carinho, zelo e dedicação. Cuidar do idoso com insuficiĂȘncia cardĂ­aca implica em avaliar as repercussĂ”es na capacidade funcional e autonomia dos anciĂŁos, exigindo habilidades e competĂȘncias do enfermeiro para identificar suas especificidades na perspectiva de um cuidado integral que contribua para a qualidade de vida dos mesmos
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