Investigación del efecto de los cambios en el uso de la tierra en la erosión del suelo utilizando técnicas basadas en RS-GIS y AHP-Fuzzy (Estudio de caso: Qaresu Watersu, Ardabil, Irán)

The intensity of soil erosion to occur in a region depends on multiple factors including climatic conditions, elevation, terrain, soil type, and land use. Among these factors, land use is one of the particular importance as it reflects the outsized role of humans in the exacerbation of erosion condition. This study aimed to investigate the effects of land use changes on soil erosion in Qaresu watershed, using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques, a watershed with an area of ​​4370.8 km2 located in the center of Ardabil province, northwest of Iran. For this purpose, the 1985 and 2015 Landsat images captured by TM and OLI-TIRS sensors were used to develop the land use maps of the watershed area using the maximum likelihood method. The erosion zoning maps were then developed by integrating the maps of land use, slope, lithology, distance from roads, distance from streams, precipitation, and soil using the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method after an AHP-based weighting stage. The results showed that in the 30-year period from 1985 to 2015, the region has experienced a decrease in the area of forest, dry farming, and rangeland land uses and an increase in the area of land uses defined as urban, barren, irrigated farming, and water cover. In total, dry farming and rangeland were the largest land-uses in the studied area. According to the developed erosion zoning maps, in 1985, 14.4% and 36.84%, and in 2015, 15.64% and 32.3% of the studied area belonged to high and very high risk zones in terms of erosion potential, respectively. In defined two periods, high risk and very high risk zones were mostly positioned over dry and irrigated farmlands.La intensidad de la erosión del suelo que se producirá en una región depende de múltiples factores, incluidas las condiciones climáticas, la elevación, el terreno, el tipo de suelo y el uso del suelo. Entre estos factores, el uso de la tierra es uno de particular importancia, ya que refleja el enorme papel de los seres humanos en la exacerbación de la condición de erosión. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos de los cambios de uso de la tierra en la erosión del suelo en la cuenca hidrográfica de Qaresu, utilizando técnicas de Teledetección (RS) y Sistema de Información Geográfica (GIS), una cuenca hidrográfica con un área de 4370,8 km2 ubicada en el centro de la provincia de Ardabil, noroeste de Irán. Para este propósito, las imágenes Landsat de 1985 y 2015 capturadas por los sensores TM y OLI-TIRS se utilizaron para desarrollar los mapas de uso del suelo del área de la cuenca utilizando el método de máxima verosimilitud. Los mapas de zonificación de erosión se desarrollaron integrando los mapas de uso de la tierra, pendiente, litología, distancia de las carreteras, distancia de los arroyos, precipitación y suelo utilizando el método de combinación lineal ponderada (WLC) después de una etapa de ponderación basada en AHP. Los resultados mostraron que en el período de 30 años de 1985 a 2015, la región ha experimentado una disminución en el área de bosques, cultivos de secano y pastizales y un aumento en el área de usos de la tierra definidos como urbanos, estériles, irrigados. agricultura y cobertura de agua. En total, la agricultura de secano y los pastizales fueron los usos más importantes de la tierra en el área estudiada. De acuerdo con los mapas de zonificación de erosión desarrollados, en 1985, 14,4% y 36,84%, y en 2015, 15,64% y 32,3% del área estudiada pertenecía a zonas de alto y muy alto riesgo en términos de potencial erosivo, respectivamente. En dos períodos definidos, las zonas de alto riesgo y muy alto riesgo se ubicaron principalmente sobre tierras agrícolas secas y de regadío

Investigación del efecto de los cambios en el uso de la tierra en la erosión del suelo utilizando técnicas basadas en RS-GIS y AHP-Fuzzy (Estudio de caso: Qaresu Watersu, Ardabil, Irán)

The intensity of soil erosion to occur in a region depends on multiple factors including climatic conditions, elevation, terrain, soil type, and land use. Among these factors, land use is one of the particular importance as it reflects the outsized role of humans in the exacerbation of erosion condition. This study aimed to investigate the effects of land use changes on soil erosion in Qaresu watershed, using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques, a watershed with an area of ​​4370.8 km2 located in the center of Ardabil province, northwest of Iran. For this purpose, the 1985 and 2015 Landsat images captured by TM and OLI-TIRS sensors were used to develop the land use maps of the watershed area using the maximum likelihood method. The erosion zoning maps were then developed by integrating the maps of land use, slope, lithology, distance from roads, distance from streams, precipitation, and soil using the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method after an AHP-based weighting stage. The results showed that in the 30-year period from 1985 to 2015, the region has experienced a decrease in the area of forest, dry farming, and rangeland land uses and an increase in the area of land uses defined as urban, barren, irrigated farming, and water cover. In total, dry farming and rangeland were the largest land-uses in the studied area. According to the developed erosion zoning maps, in 1985, 14.4% and 36.84%, and in 2015, 15.64% and 32.3% of the studied area belonged to high and very high risk zones in terms of erosion potential, respectively. In defined two periods, high risk and very high risk zones were mostly positioned over dry and irrigated farmlands.La intensidad de la erosión del suelo que se producirá en una región depende de múltiples factores, incluidas las condiciones climáticas, la elevación, el terreno, el tipo de suelo y el uso del suelo. Entre estos factores, el uso de la tierra es uno de particular importancia, ya que refleja el enorme papel de los seres humanos en la exacerbación de la condición de erosión. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos de los cambios de uso de la tierra en la erosión del suelo en la cuenca hidrográfica de Qaresu, utilizando técnicas de Teledetección (RS) y Sistema de Información Geográfica (GIS), una cuenca hidrográfica con un área de 4370,8 km2 ubicada en el centro de la provincia de Ardabil, noroeste de Irán. Para este propósito, las imágenes Landsat de 1985 y 2015 capturadas por los sensores TM y OLI-TIRS se utilizaron para desarrollar los mapas de uso del suelo del área de la cuenca utilizando el método de máxima verosimilitud. Los mapas de zonificación de erosión se desarrollaron integrando los mapas de uso de la tierra, pendiente, litología, distancia de las carreteras, distancia de los arroyos, precipitación y suelo utilizando el método de combinación lineal ponderada (WLC) después de una etapa de ponderación basada en AHP. Los resultados mostraron que en el período de 30 años de 1985 a 2015, la región ha experimentado una disminución en el área de bosques, cultivos de secano y pastizales y un aumento en el área de usos de la tierra definidos como urbanos, estériles, irrigados. agricultura y cobertura de agua. En total, la agricultura de secano y los pastizales fueron los usos más importantes de la tierra en el área estudiada. De acuerdo con los mapas de zonificación de erosión desarrollados, en 1985, 14,4% y 36,84%, y en 2015, 15,64% y 32,3% del área estudiada pertenecía a zonas de alto y muy alto riesgo en términos de potencial erosivo, respectivamente. En dos períodos definidos, las zonas de alto riesgo y muy alto riesgo se ubicaron principalmente sobre tierras agrícolas secas y de regadío

Investigación del efecto de los cambios en el uso de la tierra en la erosión del suelo utilizando técnicas basadas en RS-GIS y AHP-Fuzzy (Estudio de caso: Qaresu Watersu, Ardabil, Irán)

La intensidad de la erosión del suelo que se producirá en una región depende de múltiples factores, incluidas las condiciones climáticas, la elevación, el terreno, el tipo de suelo y el uso del suelo. Entre estos factores, el uso de la tierra es uno de particular importancia, ya que refleja el enorme papel de los seres humanos en la exacerbación de la condición de erosión. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos de los cambios de uso de la tierra en la erosión del suelo en la cuenca hidrográfica de Qaresu, utilizando técnicas de Teledetección (RS) y Sistema de Información Geográfica (GIS), una cuenca hidrográfica con un área de 4370,8 km2 ubicada en el centro de la provincia de Ardabil, noroeste de Irán. Para este propósito, las imágenes Landsat de 1985 y 2015 capturadas por los sensores TM y OLI-TIRS se utilizaron para desarrollar los mapas de uso del suelo del área de la cuenca utilizando el método de máxima verosimilitud. Los mapas de zonificación de erosión se desarrollaron integrando los mapas de uso de la tierra, pendiente, litología, distancia de las carreteras, distancia de los arroyos, precipitación y suelo utilizando el método de combinación lineal ponderada (WLC) después de una etapa de ponderación basada en AHP. Los resultados mostraron que en el período de 30 años de 1985 a 2015, la región ha experimentado una disminución en el área de bosques, cultivos de secano y pastizales y un aumento en el área de usos de la tierra definidos como urbanos, estériles, irrigados. agricultura y cobertura de agua. En total, la agricultura de secano y los pastizales fueron los usos más importantes de la tierra en el área estudiada. De acuerdo con los mapas de zonificación de erosión desarrollados, en 1985, 14,4% y 36,84%, y en 2015, 15,64% y 32,3% del área estudiada pertenecía a zonas de alto y muy alto riesgo en términos de potencial erosivo, respectivamente. En dos períodos definidos, las zonas de alto riesgo y muy alto riesgo se ubicaron principalmente sobre tierras agrícolas secas y de regadío

Varying the vegetative and morphological traits of Thymus kotschyanus L. affected potassium silicate nanoparticles, superabsorbent hydrogel, effective microorganisms, and animal manure

To study the effects of some new facilitators on the vegetative and morphological traits of Thymus kotschyanus, nine treatments were tested in the experimental rangeland field at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Treatments included control, potassium silicate nanoparticles (PSN) with two levels of 500 and 1000 mg/lit, superabsorbent hydrogel (SH) with two levels of 10 and 30 g/kg, animal manure (AM) with two levels of 100, 200 g/kg, and effective microorganisms (EM) with two levels of 1 and 2%. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results of mean comparisons of treatments for Thymus kotschyanus characteristics showed that the highest amount of studied traits were observed in the treated SH 30 g/kg. These traits include plant height (19.44 cm), basal area (4.66 cm), canopy cover (99.11%), number of secondary branches (9.44) and depth of rooting (16.49 cm), aerial parts volume (26.77 cm3), root volume (17.66 cm3), aerial parts fresh weight (14.40 g), aerial parts dry weight (7.18 g), root fresh weight (3.98 g), and root dry weight (2.07 g). In general, the impact of treatments on Thymus growth traits were ranked as follows: SH 30 g/kg, PSN 1000 mg/lit, AM 200 g/kg, SH 10 g/kg, PSN 500 mg/lit, AM 100 g/kg, EM 2%, and EM 1%. In addition, the lowest plant traits were found in control. Overall, it is recommended extending the cultivation of this native medicinal plant by considering ecological conditions in each region. In addition, to promote the establishment and facilitate the growth of planted species, it is recommended using the facilitators utilized in the present work

Flood Susceptibility assessments Using Frequency Ratio model in Talar Watershed

Flood can be having devastating effects on watersheds and human life, so, recognize of flood prone areas have a high influences on flood management. The aim of this study is to assessment of flood susceptibility at Talar watershed with an area of 2067 square kilometers. For this purpose some flood conditioning factor such as elevation, land slope, curvature, topographic wetness index, stream power index, average rainfall, distance to the river, hydrologic group of soil, maximum depth of soil, and land-use have been used. Flood conditioning factor have been prepared using related software and then converted to raster format. In the next step the 135 flood location in the study area were determined. These flood location were divided into two groups consisting of 93 locations for calibration and 42 locations, for validation. Then with comparatively analysis between previous floods coordinates and impressive environmental parameters on flood occurrence the probability of flooding for each class of each parameter was calculated. Faunally was obtained the flood risk map of the study area. Based on the flood risk map, the territory was divided to 5 class sensitivity, very high, high, medium, low and very little. The results have been showed that the frequency ratio method with 80% accuracy have high performance in determination of flood prone areas in Talar watershed

Investigación del efecto de los cambios en el uso de la tierra en la erosión del suelo utilizando técnicas basadas en RS-GIS y AHP-Fuzzy (Estudio de caso: Qaresu Watersu, Ardabil, Irán)

The intensity of soil erosion to occur in a region depends on multiple factors including climatic conditions, elevation, terrain, soil type, and land use. Among these factors, land use is one of the particular importance as it reflects the outsized role of humans in the exacerbation of erosion condition. This study aimed to investigate the effects of land use changes on soil erosion in Qaresu watershed, using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques, a watershed with an area of 4370.8 km2 located in the center of Ardabil province, northwest of Iran. For this purpose, the 1985 and 2015 Landsat images captured by TM and OLI-TIRS sensors were used to develop the land use maps of the watershed area using the maximum likelihood method. The erosion zoning maps were then developed by integrating the maps of land use, slope, lithology, distance from roads, distance from streams, precipitation, and soil using the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method after an AHP-based weighting stage. The results showed that in the 30-year period from 1985 to 2015, the region has experienced a decrease in the area of forest, dry farming, and rangeland land uses and an increase in the area of land uses defined as urban, barren, irrigated farming, and water cover. In total, dry farming and rangeland were the largest land-uses in the studied area. According to the developed erosion zoning maps, in 1985, 14.4% and 36.84%, and in 2015, 15.64% and 32.3% of the studied area belonged to high and very high risk zones in terms of erosion potential, respectively. In defined two periods, high risk and very high risk zones were mostly positioned over dry and irrigated farmlands.La intensidad de la erosión del suelo que se producirá en una región depende de múltiples factores, incluidas las condiciones climáticas, la elevación, el terreno, el tipo de suelo y el uso del suelo. Entre estos factores, el uso de la tierra es uno de particular importancia, ya que refleja el enorme papel de los seres humanos en la exacerbación de la condición de erosión. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos de los cambios de uso de la tierra en la erosión del suelo en la cuenca hidrográfica de Qaresu, utilizando técnicas de Teledetección (RS) y Sistema de Información Geográfica (GIS), una cuenca hidrográfica con un área de 4370,8 km2 ubicada en el centro de la provincia de Ardabil, noroeste de Irán. Para este propósito, las imágenes Landsat de 1985 y 2015 capturadas por los sensores TM y OLI-TIRS se utilizaron para desarrollar los mapas de uso del suelo del área de la cuenca utilizando el método de máxima verosimilitud. Los mapas de zonificación de erosión se desarrollaron integrando los mapas de uso de la tierra, pendiente, litología, distancia de las carreteras, distancia de los arroyos, precipitación y suelo utilizando el método de combinación lineal ponderada (WLC) después de una etapa de ponderación basada en AHP. Los resultados mostraron que en el período de 30 años de 1985 a 2015, la región ha experimentado una disminución en el área de bosques, cultivos de secano y pastizales y un aumento en el área de usos de la tierra definidos como urbanos, estériles, irrigados. agricultura y cobertura de agua. En total, la agricultura de secano y los pastizales fueron los usos más importantes de la tierra en el área estudiada. De acuerdo con los mapas de zonificación de erosión desarrollados, en 1985, 14,4% y 36,84%, y en 2015, 15,64% y 32,3% del área estudiada pertenecía a zonas de alto y muy alto riesgo en términos de potencial erosivo, respectivamente. En dos períodos definidos, las zonas de alto riesgo y muy alto riesgo se ubicaron principalmente sobre tierras agrícolas secas y de regadío

Spatial Variability of Some Soil Properties in Mountain Rangelands of Northern Iran

In this paper spatial variability of some chemical and physical soil properties were investigated in mountain rangelands of Nesho, Mazandaran province, Iran. 110 soil samples from 0-30 cm depth were taken with systematic method on grid 30×30 m2 in regions with different vegetation cover and transported to laboratory. Then soil chemical and physical parameters including Acidity (pH), Electrical conductivity, Caco3, Bulk density, Particle density, total phosphorus, total Nitrogen, available potassium, Organic matter, Saturation moisture, Soil texture (percentage of sand, silt and clay), Sodium, Calcium, magnesium were measured in laboratory. Data normalization was performed then was done statistical analysis for description of soil properties and geostatistical analysis for indication spatial correlation between these properties and were perpetrated maps of spatial distribution of soil properties using Kriging method. Results indicated that in the study area Saturation moisture and percentage of Sand had highest and lowest spatial correlation respectively

Soil Erosion Susceptibility Mapping in Kozetopraghi Catchment, Iran: A Mixed Approach Using Rainfall Simulator and Data Mining Techniques

Soil erosion determines landforms, soil formation and distribution, soil fertility, and land degradation processes. In arid and semiarid ecosystems, soil erosion is a key process to understand, foresee, and prevent desertification. Addressing soil erosion throughout watersheds scales requires basic information to develop soil erosion control strategies and to reduce land degradation. To assess and remediate the non-sustainable soil erosion rates, restoration programs benefit from the knowledge of the spatial distribution of the soil losses to develop maps of soil erosion. This study presents Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) data mining models to map soil erosion susceptibility in Kozetopraghi watershed, Iran. A soil erosion inventory map was prepared from field rainfall simulation experiments on 174 randomly selected points along the Kozetopraghi watershed. In previous studies, this map has been prepared using indirect methods such as the Universal Soil Loss Equation to assess soil erosion. Direct field measurements for mapping soil erosion susceptibility have so far not been carried out in our study site in the past. The soil erosion rate data generated by simulated rainfall in 1 m2 plots at rainfall rate of 40 mmh−1 was used to develop the soil erosion map. Of the available data, 70% and 30% were randomly classified to calibrate and validate the models, respectively. As a result, the RF model with the highest area under the curve (AUC) value in a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (0.91), and the lowest mean square error (MSE) value (0.09), has the most concordance and spatial differentiation. Sensitivity analysis by Jackknife and IncNodePurity methods indicates that the slope angle is the most important factor within the soil erosion susceptibility map. The RF susceptibility map showed that the areas located in the center and near the watershed outlet have the most susceptibility to soil erosion. This information can be used to support the development of sustainable restoration plans with more accuracy. Our methodology has been evaluated and can be also applied in other regions

Spatial Comparative Analysis of Landscape Fragmentation Metrics in a Watershed with Diverse Land Uses in Iran

Knowledge of landscape fragmentation is known to be important in ecological integrity, hydrological processes, urban planning, sustainable land management, and policymaking. Recent anecdotal studies reveal a need for analytical quantification of landscape fragmentation at different levels. Therefore, the present study was conducted at KoozehTopraghi Watershed, Ardabil Province, Iran, where covers by different land uses/covers, to (a) explore the spatial pattern of landscape fragmentation metrics comprehensively in different scales, (b) distinguish the landscape fragmentation hot spots, and (c) investigate the spatial clustering of landscape fragmentation metrics. The behaviors of 7, 10, and 13 fragmentation metrics concerning three levels of patch, class, and landscape across 36 sub-watersheds were explored using principal component analysis (PCA) and expert elicitation. The Getis-Ord Gi* and local Moran’s I indices were also used to analyze the hot spots and clusters of landscape fragmentation, respectively. The results verified the high degree of spatial variability of the metrics in the three levels of fragmentation analysis. The class-level fragmentation analysis showed that the watershed is characterized by high-fragmented residential land use and low-fragmented dry farming land use. The spatial trend analysis at the landscape level further indicated that sub-watersheds 1, 2, 11, 21, to 26, and 34 to 36, mainly located in lowlands and central parts, allocated better status considering the fragmentation metrics rather than other parts of the watershed. The significant hot spots and high clusters of fragmentation also were distributed in different parts of the watershed in terms of various landscape metrics