The uses of post-editing in the subtitling classroom: What do subtitlers-to-be say?

In recent years, an increasing number of scholars have attempted to gain a better understanding of the technological advancements and innovation that are gaining momentum in the audiovisual translation (AVT) industry (Díaz-Cintas and Massidda, 2019). We live surrounded by screens and have become avid consumers of audiovisual content (Nikolic and Bywood, 2021), particularly led by streaming platforms and the internetisation of society (Lobato, 2018). Technology has also altered industry workflows and translators’ workstations and habits. A wider integration of cloud technologies in AVT localisation has taken place (Bolaños-García-Escribano and Díaz-Cintas, 2020), and computer-assisted technologies, such as machine translation and translation memory, which were often neglected in our field, have also gained greater currency (Burchardt et al., 2016). Machine translation engines are operating in cloud-based subtitling systems (Mehta et al., 2020), which are offering features that allow for machine-translated subtitles from pre-spotted templates and integrate automatic speech recognition to further automatise the spotting of subtitles. As discussed by Georgakopoulou and Bywood (2014) and Bywood et al. (2017), this has led to a rise in the profile of the post-editor in AVT, and more specifically subtitling. I will discuss two educational experiences in which subtitlers-to-be were required to post-edit subtitled audiovisual material in both English and Spanish. In the first experience, an international team of eight translation trainees post-edited raw automatic subtitles for educational videos following a project-based approach. The second experience (2021) was a practical experiment involving master-level students of subtitling who localised a video clip using a commercial cloud-based subtitling system; it involved a control group and another two groups that did not use machine translation. The feedback collated after each experience through online questionnaires has proved paramount to further justify the need to embed subtitle post-editing in the AVT curriculum. The purpose of this study is to ultimately identify bottlenecks as well as good practices in pedagogical subtitle post-editing

Introduction: latest advancements in audiovisual translation education

The consumption of audiovisual content, from the more traditional animations, documentaries, movies, and TV shows to the more recent online user-generated content found on social media platforms, including video games, has grown exponentially over the last few decades. The omnipresence of screens in society has led to transformations in audiences’ watching habits, now impatient to enjoy their programmes as soon as possible and inclined to binge watch. Recent technological advances in the production of specialist audiovisual translation (AVT) software and web-based applications have paved the way for further changes and enhancements in the ways professionals localise audiovisual content and in the nature of the services provided. This special issue sheds light on the current teaching and learning practices, methodologies and issues encountered by translator trainers specialised in AVT, with particular emphasis on pedagogical innovation, media accessibility, and translation technology

Subtitlers on the Cloud: The Use of Professional Web-based Systems in Subtitling Practice and Training

The bourgeoning and rapid evolution of cloud-based applications has triggered profound transformations in the audiovisual translation (AVT) mediascape. By drawing attention to the major changes that webbased ecosystems have introduced in localisation workflows, we set out to outline ways in which these new technological advances can be embedded in the AVT classroom. Along these lines, the present study sets out to explore the potential benefits of cloud platforms in AVT training curricula by exploring ways in which this technology can be exploited in subtitling training. An analysis of current subtitling practices and tools, localisation workflows, and in-demand skills in the AVT industry will be followed by an experience-based account on the use of cloud-based platforms in subtitler training environments to simulate and carry out a wide range of tasks. Our study pivots around the idea that cloud subtitling might prove useful to bridge the technological gap between academic institutions and the profession as well as to enhance the distance-learning provision of practice-oriented training in subtitling

Determinación de la función de beneficio en explotaciones ovinas de carne de Extremadura mediante regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLRS)

publishedTomo I . Sección: Sistemas Ganaderos-Economía y Gestión. Sesión: Economía I. Ponencia nº 1

Seismic Hazard and Ground Motion Characterization at the Itoiz Dam (Northern Spain).

This paper presents a new hazard-consistent ground motion characterization of the Itoiz dam site, located in Northern Spain. Firstly, we propose a methodology with different approximation levels to the expected ground motion at the dam site. Secondly, we apply this methodology taking into account the particular characteristics of the site and of the dam. Hazard calculations were performed following the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment method using a logic tree, which accounts for different seismic source zonings and different ground-motion attenuation relationships. The study was done in terms of peak ground acceleration and several spectral accelerations of periods coinciding with the fundamental vibration periods of the dam. In order to estimate these ground motions we consider two different dam conditions: when the dam is empty (T = 0.1 s) and when it is filled with water to its maximum capacity (T = 0.22 s). Additionally, seismic hazard analysis is done for two return periods: 975 years, related to the project earthquake, and 4,975 years, identified with an extreme event. Soil conditions were also taken into account at the site of the dam. Through the proposed methodology we deal with different forms of characterizing ground motion at the study site. In a first step, we obtain the uniform hazard response spectra for the two return periods. In a second step, a disaggregation analysis is done in order to obtain the controlling earthquakes that can affect the dam. Subsequently, we characterize the ground motion at the dam site in terms of specific response spectra for target motions defined by the expected values SA (T) of T = 0.1 and 0.22 s for the return periods of 975 and 4,975 years, respectively. Finally, synthetic acceleration time histories for earthquake events matching the controlling parameters are generated using the discrete wave-number method and subsequently analyzed. Because of the short relative distances between the controlling earthquakes and the dam site we considered finite sources in these computations. We conclude that directivity effects should be taken into account as an important variable in this kind of studies for ground motion characteristics

Mirror matter admixtures in K_L \to \gamma\gamma

Based on possible albeit tiny, admixtures of mirror matter in ordinary mesons we study the K_L \to \gamma\gamma transition. We find that this process can be described with a small SU(3) symmetry breaking of only 3%. We also determine the eta-eta' mixing angle and the pseudoscalar decay constants. The results for these parameters are consistent with some obtained in the literature. They favor two recent determinations; one based on two analytical constraints, and another one based on next-to-leading order power corrections

Caracterización del movimiento fuerte en el emplazamiento de la presa de Itoiz

Se presenta en este trabajo una nueva caracterización del movimiento del suelo en la presa de Itoiz, consistente con la peligrosidad sísmica del emplazamiento. En primer lugar, proponemos una metodología con tres niveles de aproximación al movimiento esperado, que es después aplicada considerando las características particulares de la presa y su emplazamiento. Los cálculos de peligrosidad se realizan siguiendo la línea metodológica conocida como PSHA, con un método probabilista zonificado y formulando un árbol lógico que combina diferentes zonificaciones sísmicas y modelos de movimiento fuerte. La peligrosidad se representa en términos de la aceleración pico PGA y de las aceleraciones espectrales para periodos coincidentes con los de vibración de la presa, considerando dos estados de la misma correspondientes a presa vacía (T=0.1s) y presa con capacidad máxima de llenado (T=0.22 s). Se caracterizan los correspondientes movimientos para dos periodos de retorno, 975 años y 4975 años, asociados al sismo de proyecto y al sismo extremo, respectivamente. El efecto de sitio en el emplazamiento de la presa también fue tenido en cuenta. La metodología propuesta conduce a caracterizar el movimiento con tres niveles de detalle. En una primera etapa se obtienen los espectros de respuesta uniforme (UHS) para los dos niveles de movimiento referidos. Seguidamente se desarrolla un análisis de desagregación para obtener los sismos de control que previsiblemente pueden afectar mas a la presa. Estos se identifican como los que más contribuyen a los movimientos objeto dados por las aceleraciones espectrales de los dos periodos característicos, SA (0,1 s) y SA (0.22 s) y para los dos periodos de retorno de 975 y 4975 años asociados a lo sismos de proyecto y extremo. De ahí se obtienen los espectros de respuesta específicos para las cuatro combinaciones resultantes. Finalmente, se realiza una simulación del movimiento en el dominio del tiempo, obteniendo acelerogramas sintéticos mediante el método de número de onda discreto. Las simulaciones se realizaron considerando fuentes finitas en diferentes posiciones y evaluando el efecto de la directividad en las posibles fuentes consideradas. Se concluye destacando la importancia del efecto de directividad, en la caracterización del emplazamiento de la presa

Audiovisual translation: Subtitling and revoicing

This chapter explores audiovisual translation (AVT) from a didactic perspective, with special emphasis on subtitling and revoicing. After a historical overview of AVT training, a detailed discussion ensues on how the technological advances and changes that have taken place in the creation, localization, and distribution of audiovisual productions have triggered the emergence of new professional practices and research avenues. In recent years, the proliferation of audiovisual and multimedia content has led to the diversification of translatable assets, and training in subtitling and revoicing has become an integral part of the translation curriculum offered in most educational centres. Yet, the teaching methodologies currently used in AVT courses are sometimes out of date, mainly relying on theoretical translation premises and trends rather than on current professional practices and state of the art technology. We take stock of the most recurrent AVT pedagogical methods, extricate some of the reasons behind this state of affairs and, following a competences-based approach, put forward a series of experience- and research-based recommendations for the design and implementation of AVT training in higher education

Composite resins : A review of the materials and clinical indications

The aim of this work is to present the different components of the composites currently used in dentistry and furnish dentists with a basis that can provide criteria for choosing one or another to suit their therapeutic requirements. Most composites used in dentistry are hybrid materials, so-called because they are composed of polymer groups reinforced by an inorganic phase of glass fillers with different compositions, particle sizes and fill percentages. Flowable or condensable composites have attempted to provide an answer to certain functional requirements, although they have not been too successful at improving properties. Turning to polymerisation initiators, both halogen lamps, whether conventional or high intensity, and LED curing lights which provide a gradual increase in light intensity are very useful for reducing shrinkage of the composite material. The clinical choice of a composite must consider whether priority should be given to mechanical or aesthetic requirements: if mechanical considerations are paramount the material with the greatest volume of filler will be chosen; if aesthetic considerations predominate, particle size will be the most important factor. Additional components such as opaques and tints make it possible to improve the aesthetic results. Equally, the spread of other therapeutic procedures, such as tooth bleaching, has made it necessary to design composite materials in shades that are suitable for the special colour situations found in teeth treated by these methods

Modulation of Fatty Acids and Interleukin-6 in Glioma Cells by South American Tea Extracts and their Phenolic Compounds

[EN] Dietary phenolic compounds are plant metabolites with beneficial effects on the central nervous system. Thus, our aim was to identify anti-inflammatory compounds from South American plants on glia, which regulates neuro-immune response. The compounds were extracted from Lantana grisebachii (LG), Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (AQB), and Ilex paraguariensis (IP) teas and identified by HPLC-DAD-MS. Extracts (0–200 mg/ml) were tested on human T98-G and rat C6 glioma lines. Cellular viability (by the resazurin assay), fatty acid profile (by gas chromatography) and proinflammatory interleukin-6 release (IL-6 by ELISA) were determined. Data were analyzed by partial least-square regression to discriminate bioactive compounds. Twenty-one compounds were determined in LG, mainly iridoids, which were linked to v-3 and v-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but not to IL-6 release. Thirty-one compounds were found in AQB, mostly hydroxybenzoic derivatives, which were positively related to IL-6 release. Twenty-three compounds were identified in IP, including caffeoylquinic derivatives and mainly chlorogenic acid. They increased the v-7 palmitoleic fatty acid, which was related to IL-6 decrease. These results enhances phytochemical knowledge of widely available plants, and suggest the lipid-related anti-inflammatory activity of IP phenolic compounds, which give nutritional relevance to the tea