Ferromagnetic Behavior of High Purity ZnO nanoparticles

ZnO nanoparticles with Wurtzite structure were prepared by chemical methods at low temperature in aqueous solution. Nanoparticles are in the range from about 10 to 30 nm. Ferromagnetic properties were observed from 2 K to room temperature and above. Magnetization vs temperature, M(T) and isothermal measurements M(H) were determined. The coercive field clearly shows ferromagnetism above room temperature. The chemical synthesis, structural defects in the bulk related to oxygen vacancies are the main factors for the observed magnetic behavior. PACS numbers: 61.46.Hk Nanocrystals, 75.50.Pp Magnetic semiconductors, 81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductor

Distribución espacial del homicidio juvenil masculino y desigualdad territorial en Ciudad de México y Estado de México (2000-2002 y 2010-2012)

El homicidio juvenil masculino es un fenómeno creciente en las periferias urbanas mexicanas. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar ciertas correlaciones entre la distribución espacial del homicidio masculino y las desigualdades socioeconómicas en delegaciones y municipios mayores a los 100 000 habitantes (Ciudad de México y Estado de México, 2000-2002 y 2010-2012). A través de un análisis de clústeres, definidos de acuerdo con las características de la población, se obtiene que la intensidad del homicidio masculino (15 a 34 años) es más elevado en las unidades territoriales con peores indicadores. Mientras que las tasas de homicidio disminuyeron donde antes eran más elevadas, estas aumentaron en las unidades con mejores indicadores, pero de modo concentrado entre los individuos de baja escolaridad. Se concluye que el homicidio, al victimizar de manera más intensa a los hombres jóvenes de bajos recursos, profundiza las desigualdades y las desventajas relativas, lo que se corrobora con el triángulo vicioso de la violencia de Galtung (1990)

Assessment of reagent and regrinding in a flotation circuit

Laboratory flotation tests using a bottom driven cell are reproduced with a high level of confidence. These types of laboratory data are used to investigate the effect of reagent and regrinding of coarse particles in an industrial flotation circuit. The addition of collector (BX) has a significant effect on the flotation response of chalcopyrite in the scavenger bank. The reconstructed recovery-time curve (combine products) is greater than that of the rougher tailings (scavenger feed) prior to reagent addition. By adding collector (BX) in the scavenger feed, the ultimate recovery of chalcopyrite increases 20% which means an increase of 1.7% of chalcopyrite recovery in the scavenger feed. Meanwhile, the reagrinding of coarse particles shows a detrimental effect on the collectorless flotation of an initially hydrophobic chalcopyrite sample. Cyclone underflow, 80% recovery at pH 7.7, was decreased to 40% after regrinding at the same range of pH. The chalcopyrite flotation response immediately after regrinding is severely retarded. It is assumed that the centrifugal action of the cyclone is another important factor restoring the chalcopyrite hydrophobic flotation due to the oxygenation of the slurry. Therefore, additional preconditioning time after a regrinding stage should have a positive change in the recovery of chalcopyrite. The overall flotation response before and after the regrinding stage showed that the cyclone underflow response is slightly slower compared with the combine feed in the first four minutes of flotation. This behavior is related to changes on surface chemistry because of the regrinding of coarse particles

LA FRONTERA SUR DE MÉXICO Y EL RETO DE GENERAR UN PROGRAMA DE DESARROLLO REGIONAL INTEGRAL

En un escenario de bajo desarrollo socio-económico en México, en general el sureste del país, y en forma particular el estado de Chiapas, experimenta uno de los niveles más bajos de desarrollo del país. Lo anterior lo podemos atribuir al poco desarrollo de su estructura productiva, a la escaza infraestructura carretera y de alta conectividad con otros centros económicos, aunado a una pobreza generalizada de una población pluriétnica que habita en la región. De acuerdo a datos de Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad (IMCO), en el año 2014, Chiapas ocupo en el índice de competitividad el número 30 de 32 estados de la República Mexicana, mientras que en 2012 ocupaba el número 28 de 32, es decir no solo en el periodo 2012-2014 se encontraba este estado entre los menos competitivos del país3, sino que cayo dos escaños, lo cual refiere lo díficil de su situación. En tanto, el CONEVAL, que mide el índice de pobreza en el país, también sitúa al estado de Chiapas entre los más pobres del país, como se demostrará cuando se analice el desempeño de las diversas regiones del estado

Evaluating an implementation programme for medication review with follow-up in community pharmacy using a hybrid effectiveness study design: translating evidence into practice.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate an implementation programme of a community pharmacy medication review with follow-up (MRF) service using a hybrid effectiveness-implementation study design, and to compare the clinical and humanistic outcomes with those in a previously conducted cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT). SETTING: Community pharmacies in Spain. PARTICIPANTS: 135 community pharmacies and 222 pharmacists providing MRF to polymedicated patients aged 65 or over. INTERVENTION: The intervention was an implementation programme for the MRF service. A national level group was established, mirrored with a provincial level group. A series of interventions were defined (1) to engage pharmacy owners with the implementation model and (2) to provide training to pharmacists consisting of clinical case studies, process of MRF, communication skills and data collection methods and (3) practice change facilitators. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes for the implementation programme were progress, reach, fidelity and integration. The secondary outcomes were number of medications, non-controlled health problems, emergency visits, hospitalisations and health-related quality of life, which were compared with a previous 6-month cluster RCT. RESULTS: 55% of pharmacies reached the implementation phase and 35.6% remained in the testing phase at 12 months. A reach of 89.3% (n=844) was achieved. Fidelity average score was 8.45 (min: 6.2, max: 9.3) out of 10. The integration mean score was 3.39 (SD: 0.72) out of 5. MRF service outcomes were similar to the cluster RCT study; however, the magnitude of the outcomes was delayed. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of pharmacy services is a complex multifactorial process, conditioned by numerous implementation factors. In the absence of remuneration, the implementation of the MRF service is a slow process, taking at least 12 months to complete. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CGFTRA-2017-01

Effectiveness of a medication adherence management intervention in a community pharmacy setting: a cluster randomised controlled trial

BackgroundNon-adherence to medications continues to be a burden worldwide, with significant negative consequences. Community pharmacist interventions seem to be effective at improving medication adherence. However, more evidence is needed regarding their impact on disease-specific outcomes. The aim was to evaluate the impact of a community pharmacist-led adherence management intervention on adherence and clinical outcomes in patients with hypertension, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).MethodsA 6-month cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted in Spanish community pharmacies. Patients suffering from hypertension, asthma and COPD were recruited. Patients in the intervention group received a medication adherence management intervention and the control group received usual care. The intervention was based on theoretical frameworks for changing patient behaviour. Medication adherence, disease-specific outcomes (Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) scores, Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ) scores and blood pressure levels) and disease control were evaluated. A multilevel regression model was used to analyse the data.ResultsNinety-eight pharmacies and 1186 patients were recruited, with 1038 patients completing the study. Patients receiving the intervention had an OR of 5.12 (95% CI 3.20 to 8.20, pConclusionsA community pharmacist-led medication adherence intervention was effective at improving medication adherence and clinical outcomes in patients suffering from hypertension, asthma and COPD. Future research should explore the implementation of these interventions in routine practice.Trial registration numberACTRN12618000410257

The yearly financing need of providing paid maternity leave in the informal sector in Indonesia

Background: The economic cost of not breastfeeding in Indonesia is estimated at US$1.5–9.4 billion annually, the highest in South East Asia. Half of the 33.6 million working women of reproductive age (WRA) in Indonesia (15–49 years) are informal employees, meaning they are working as casual workers or they are self-employed (small scale business) and assisted by unpaid/family worker(s). No specific maternity protection entitlements are currently available for WRA working informally in Indonesia. This study aims to estimate the financing need of providing maternity leave cash transfer (MCT) for WRA working in the informal sector in Indonesia. Method: The costing methodology used is the adapted version of the World Bank methodology by Vilar-Compte et al, following pre-set steps to estimate costs using national secondary data. We used the 2018 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey to estimate the number of women working informally who gave birth within the last year. The population covered, potential cash transfer’s unitary cost, the incremental coverage of the policy in terms of time and coverage, and the administrative costs were used to estimate the cost of MCT for the informal sector. Result: At 100$175million (US$152/woman) to US$669million (US$583/woman). The share of the yearly financing need did not exceed 0.5% of Indonesian Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Conclusions: The yearly financing need of providing MCT for eligible WRA working in the informal sector is economically attractive as it amounts to less than 0.5% of GDP nominal of Indonesia. While such a program would be perceived as a marked increase from current public health spending at the onset, such an investment could substantially contribute to the success of breastfeeding and substantial corresponding public health savings given that more than half of working Indonesian WRA are employed in the informal sector. Such policies should be further explored while taking into consideration realistic budget constraints and implementation capacity