Environmental Influences on Disabled Students\u27 Cocurricular Involvement

Involvement of students in the cocurriculum is critical to the development of desired outcomes in college. However, the literature on disabled college students centers academic experiences, largely overlooking cocurricular experiences. In this study, we explored the cocurricular involvement of disabled students, examining factors that created barriers for their involvement, how students responded to barriers, factors that made involvement possible, and those that encouraged involvement. Grounded in a critical realist approach to disability, augmented by environmental theories, and employing a descriptive-interpretive design, we used both individual interviews and focus groups to obtain data from 33 disabled students at a midwestern, comprehensive, land-grant university. We found that (a) other people\u27s behaviors and attitudes created more barriers to disabled students\u27 involvement than did physical or organizational factors; (b) participants reported a wide variety of emotional and behavioral responses to the barriers; (c) accessible physical design, flexible organizational policies, and assistance from others made involvement possible; (d) universally designed elements of the physical and organizational environment as well as active support from staff and peers encouraged involvement; and (e) barriers to and encouragers of involvement varied by impairment. We offer implications for further research and practice

La pharmacopée royale galénique et chimique de Moyse Charas

Cette thèse comporte trois parties distinctes : 1) Un aperçu de l'histoire médicale et pharmaceutique au XVIIème siècle. 2) La biographie de Moyse Charas, auteur de la Pharmacopée Royale. 3) Une étude de La Pharmacopée Royale Galénique et Chimique. Le XVIIème siècle a été marqué par de grandes découvertes comme, la circulation du sang par Harvey, la mise au point du microscope, des descriptions médicales de plus en plus précises, l'utilisation du quinquina. Certains médecins, s'attachèrent à ramener les esprits vers la clinique, l'observation et l'expérience. La pharmacopée Royale Galénique et Chimique est un ouvrage didactique, qui reflète les cours assurés par Moyse Charas au Jardin Royal des Plantes de Paris L'étude de la Pharmacopée chimique de Charas nous montre qu'au XVIIème siècle la distillation reste le procédé de prédilection des chimistes et que tout l'art de ces derniers consiste à l'appliquer aux matières les plus diverses, sinon les plus étranges.CHATENAY M.-PARIS 11-BU Pharma. (920192101) / SudocSudocFranceF

A miR-34a-SIRT6 axis in the squamous cell differentiation network

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are highly heterogeneous tumours, resulting from deranged expression of genes involved in squamous cell differentiation. Here we report that microRNA-34a (miR-34a) functions as a novel node in the squamous cell differentiation network, with SIRT6 as a critical target. miR-34a expression increases with keratinocyte differentiation, while it is suppressed in skin and oral SCCs, SCC cell lines, and aberrantly differentiating primary human keratinocytes (HKCs). Expression of this miRNA is restored in SCC cells, in parallel with differentiation, by reversion of genomic DNA methylation or wild-type p53 expression. In normal HKCs, the pro-differentiation effects of increased p53 activity or UVB exposure are miR-34a-dependent, and increased miR-34a levels are sufficient to induce differentiation of these cells both in vitro and in vivo. SIRT6, a sirtuin family member not previously connected with miR-34a function, is a direct target of this miRNA in HKCs, and SIRT6 down-modulation is sufficient to reproduce the miR-34a pro-differentiation effects. The findings are of likely biological significance, as SIRT6 is oppositely expressed to miR-34a in normal keratinocytes and keratinocyte-derived tumours

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field