Pre-treatments of Milk and their Effect on the Food Safety of Cheese

In the manufacture of traditional cheese varieties, processing Fresh milk that has been treated as little as possible is crucial. Preserving the microbiome and the activity of the original enzymes in the raw milk to the greatest extent possible allows these cheeses to retain their original character. This objective conflicts with the growing demands placed on products in terms of food safety. The present literature search addresses the influence of the pre-treatment of cheesemaking milk on the food safety and quality of ripened cheeses, with particular focus on heat treatment, bactofugation, and microfiltration

Discretization Errors for the Gluon and Ghost Propagators in Landau Gauge using NSPT

The subtraction of hypercubic lattice corrections, calculated at 1-loop order in lattice perturbation theory (LPT), is common practice, e.g., for determinations of renormalization constants in lattice hadron physics. Providing such corrections beyond 1-loop order is however very demanding in LPT, and numerical stochastic perturbation theory (NSPT) might be the better candidate for this. Here we report on a first feasibility check of this method and provide (in a parametrization valid for arbitrary lattice couplings) the lattice corrections up to 3-loop order for the SU(3) gluon and ghost propagators in Landau gauge. These propagators are ideal candidates for such a check, as they are available from lattice simulations to high precision and can be combined to a renormalization group invariant product (Minimal MOM coupling) for which a 1-loop LPT correction was found to be insufficient to remove the bulk of the hypercubic lattice artifacts from the data. As a bonus, we also compare our results with the ever popular H(4) method.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, presented at the 31st International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (Lattice 2013), 29 July - 3 August 2013, Mainz, German

The creation of effective states in the OECD since 1870 : The role of inequality

Research shows that state capacity is crucial for economic development, yet the impact of inequality on state capacity is not well understood. This paper examines the impact of income inequality on three key dimensions of state capacity, namely legal, fiscal and collective capacity using annual data for a core of 21 OECD countries over the period 1870–2013. We find that the marked reduction in inequality over most of the last century starting from 1916 was pivotal to the significant improvements in legal, fiscal and collective capacity in the OECD countries over the same period.Peer reviewe

NO-dependent CaMKII activation during β-adrenergic stimulation of cardiac muscle

Aims During β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stimulation, phosphorylation of cardiomyocyte ryanodine receptors by protein kinases may contribute to an increased diastolic Ca2+ spark frequency. Regardless of prompt activation of protein kinase A during β-AR stimulation, this appears to rely more on activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), by a not yet identified signalling pathway. The goal of the present study was to identify and characterize the mechanisms which lead to CaMKII activation and elevated Ca2+ spark frequencies during β-AR stimulation in single cardiomyocytes in diastolic conditions. Methods and results Confocal imaging revealed that β-AR stimulation increases endogenous NO production in cardiomyocytes, resulting in NO-dependent activation of CaMKII and a subsequent increase in diastolic Ca2+ spark frequency. These changes of spark frequency could be mimicked by exposure to the NO donor GSNO and were sensitive to the CaMKII inhibitors KN-93 and AIP. In vitro, CaMKII became nitrosated and its activity remained increased independent of Ca2+ in the presence of GSNO, as assessed with biochemical assays. Conclusions β-AR stimulation of cardiomyocytes may activate CaMKII by a novel direct pathway involving NO, without requiring Ca2+ transients. This crosstalk between two established signalling pathways may contribute to arrhythmogenic diastolic Ca2+ release and Ca2+ waves during adrenergic stress, particularly in combination with cardiac diseases. In addition, NO-dependent activation of CaMKII is likely to have repercussions in many cellular signalling systems and cell type

Unusual traits of cis and trans-2,3-dibromo-1,1-dimethylindane on the way from 1,1-dimethylindene to 2-bromo-, 3-bromo-, and 2,3-dibromo-1,1-dimethylindene

Do not rely on the widely accepted rule that vicinal, sp(3)-positioned protons in cyclopentene moieties should always have more positive (3)J NMR coupling constants for the cis than for the trans arrangement: Unrecognized exceptions might misguide one to wrong stereochemical assignments and thence to erroneous mechanistic conclusions. We show here that two structurally innocent-looking 2,3-dibromo-1,1-dimethylindanes violate the rule by means of their values of (3)J(cis) = 6.1 Hz and (3)J(trans) = 8.4 Hz. The stereo-selective formation of the trans diastereomer from 1,1-dimethylindene was improved with the tribromide anion (Br-3(-)) as the brominating agent in place of elemental bromine;the ensuing, regiospecific HBr elimination afforded 3-bromo-1,1-dimethylindene. The addition of elemental bromine to the latter compound, followed by thermal HBr elimination, furnished 2,3-dibromo-1,1-dimethylindene, whose Br/Li interchange reaction, precipitation, and subsequent protolysis yielded only 2-bromo-1,1-dimethylindene

Unusual traits of cis and trans-2,3-dibromo-1,1-dimethylindane on the way from 1,1-dimethylindene to 2-bromo-, 3-bromo-, and 2,3-dibromo-1,1-dimethylindene

Do not rely on the widely accepted rule that vicinal, sp(3)-positioned protons in cyclopentene moieties should always have more positive (3)J NMR coupling constants for the cis than for the trans arrangement: Unrecognized exceptions might misguide one to wrong stereochemical assignments and thence to erroneous mechanistic conclusions. We show here that two structurally innocent-looking 2,3-dibromo-1,1-dimethylindanes violate the rule by means of their values of (3)J(cis) = 6.1 Hz and (3)J(trans) = 8.4 Hz. The stereo-selective formation of the trans diastereomer from 1,1-dimethylindene was improved with the tribromide anion (Br-3(-)) as the brominating agent in place of elemental bromine;the ensuing, regiospecific HBr elimination afforded 3-bromo-1,1-dimethylindene. The addition of elemental bromine to the latter compound, followed by thermal HBr elimination, furnished 2,3-dibromo-1,1-dimethylindene, whose Br/Li interchange reaction, precipitation, and subsequent protolysis yielded only 2-bromo-1,1-dimethylindene

Reimann Brake Ramp for planar flow casting processes and analysis of ribbon gluing

Planar flow casting is a rapid solidification process used to manufacture thin, metallic ribbons, and foil. Liquid metal is forced through a nozzle against a heat-sink wheel, and it rapidly solidifies into thin ribbons. A puddle of molten metal, held by surface tension, forms between the nozzle and wheel. This study examines a well-defined periodic surface defect called herringbone (HB), which is commonly produced when casting zirconium based alloys. The presence of this defect is related to processing conditions and puddle dynamics. Its formation has been correlated with the pinning of the liquid puddle at the nozzle edge. Here, the uniformity of thickness along a ribbon was successfully controlled (over a length of 50 m) using the Reimann Brake Ramp, which reduces the wheel speed at the start of the cast. For the alloy used in this study, the variation in the dimensionless thickness parameter, , with the Euler number () at assigned values of followed an allometric scaling, with an exponent value close to the theoretical value of 1/3. Furthermore, the nozzle inclination was related to the ribbon thickness, , and the ribbon quality. Moreover, a newly developed automatized melt spinner permitted monitoring and controlling of the process parameters, elucidating the gluing phenomenon of the ribbon observed during the starting phase. The ribbon gluing was influenced by the puddle geometry, the recirculation in the puddle, and later, to the ribbon cooling rate. Within these results, high-quality ribbons with control thickness over a considerable length are achieved

Die Zukunft der Vergangenheit in der Gegenwart

The volume contains 18 contributions to an international conference of archivists and historians dealing with the current situation of archives and archival science generally and specifically with the impact of digitization on archival core tasks and on the societal roles of archives.Der Band enthält 18 Beiträge einer internationalen Tagung von ArchivarInnen und HistorikerInnen, die sich mit der aktuellen Situation von Archivwesen und Archivwissenschaft allgemein und speziell mit den Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf die archivischen Kerntätigkeiten und die gesellschaftlichen Rollen der Archive befassen