Crise migratória: uma análise sobre direitos humanos e os refugiados sírios

This article aims to analyze the issue of respect for human rights of Syrian refugees, from previous and subsequent analysis to refugee status. Initially, it discusses the origin of the armed conflict in Syria, and the consequences to its citizens, which has sought international protection in neighboring countries and Europe. Then,analyzes the international policies adopted for refugees and impacts in destination countries.Finally, it deals with the issue of human rights guaranteed by international laws and statutes, all those who seek protection under refugee status. Thus, it aims to find out how the fundamental rights of Syrian citizens have been threatened or violated by their country of origin and international policies adopted in support of Syrian refugees.O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a questão de respeito aos direitos humanos dos refugiados sírios, partindo de análise anterior e posterior ao status de refugiado. Inicialmente, aborda-se a origem do conflito armado na Síria, e as consequências aos seus cidadãos, os quais tem buscado proteção internacional nos países vizinhos e Europa. Em seguida, analisam-se as políticas internacionais adotadas para os refugiados e os impactos nos países de destino. Por fim, aborda-se a temática dos direitos humanos, garantidos por leis e estatutos internacionais, a todos aqueles que buscam proteção sob o status de refugiado. Dessa forma, visa-se averiguar de que forma os direitos fundamentais dos cidadãos sírios foram ameaçados ou violados por seu país de origem e as políticas internacionais adotadas em prol dos refugiados sírios

As operações de paz nos processos de (re)construção do estado: uma análise teórica comparativa da escola inglesa e do decolonialismo

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais, Florianópolis, 2019A presente dissertação aborda a atuação das operações de paz nos processos de (re)construção do Estado em países não-Ocidentais em situação de conflito ou pós-conflito na política mundial contemporânea. Parte-se da premissa que a política mundial contemporânea se tornou mais heterogênea a partir da inclusão de Estados não-Ocidentais, embora isso não tenha representado mudanças significativas quanto às relações assimétricas de poder. Assim, a imposição do padrão de civilização europeu / ocidental aos países não-Ocidentais criou uma pressão para a conformação de valores e práticas ocidentais pelos povos não-Ocidentais. Por isso, a difusão do modelo de governança ocidental apresenta-se como uma das causas da eclosão de conflitos intraestatais nos países não-Ocidentais, tornando recorrente o emprego de operações de paz para a manutenção da paz e segurança internacionais. Posto isso, o objetivo geral do trabalho é explicar a instrumentalização das operações de paz nos processos de (re)construção do Estado para manutenção do status quo político internacional favorável às potências Ocidentais baseado nos pressupostos teóricos da Escola Inglesa e do Decolonialismo. A hipótese de trabalho defendida é que a instrumentalização das operações de paz nos processos de (re)construção do Estado permite a manutenção do status quo ocidental. Argumenta-se que o domínio ocidental deriva, por um lado, da manutenção da ordem e da aplicação da justiça, de acordo com o debate pluralista e solidarista da Escola Inglesa. Por outro lado, a manutenção do status quo ocidental também deriva da reiteração da colonialidade do poder, do saber e do ser, segundo as hierarquias de dominação neocoloniais do Decolonialismo. O arcabouço teórico constitui-se por essas duas teorias que, embora epistemologicamente antagônicas, levam a conclusões semelhantes da instrumentalização política das operações de paz para a manutenção do poder internacional dominante. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa constitui-se de uma análise teórica comparativa que visa demonstrar a obtenção de um mesmo resultado por vieses distintos. Para tanto, a pesquisa divide-se em três etapas: primeiro, apresentam-se os principais conceitos das abordagens teóricas, separadamente; segundo, aborda-se a evolução do perfil das operações de paz, da Guerra Fria ao século XXI, com ênfase nos processos de (re)construção do Estado; terceiro, analisa-se a manutenção do status quo na política mundial a partir da correlação entre os pressupostos teóricos da Escola Inglesa e do Decolonialismo e a atuação das operações de paz nos processos de (re)construção do Estado. Dessa forma, a análise teórica comparativa permitiu o estabelecimento de um resultado comum através de ferramentas teóricas distintas: as operações de paz nos processos de (re)construção do Estado culminam na manutenção normativa da ordem política mundial favorável aos polos estabelecidos de poder.Abstract: The current thesis addresses the peace operations in the processes of State (re)construction in non-Western countries in a conflict or post-conflict situation in contemporary world politics. The premise is that contemporary global politics has become more heterogeneous with the inclusion of non-Western States, although it did not represent a significant change concerning the asymmetric relationships of power. In this way, the imposition of the standard of European/Western civilization on non-Western countries has created pressure for the conformation of Western values and practices by non-Western peoples. Therefore, the diffusion of the Western governance model is one of the causes of the eclosion of intra-state conflicts in non-Western countries, making recurrent the use of peace operations for the maintenance of international peace and security. Having established that, the main objective of the present study is to explain the instrumentalization of peace operations in the processes of (re)construction of the State to maintain the international political status quo favorable to the Western powers based on the theoretical assumptions of the English School and Decolonialism. The hypothesis of this work positions the instrumentalization of peace operations in the processes of (re)construction of the State and allows for the maintenance os the Western status quo. It is argued that this Western monopoly derives, on the one hand, from the maintenance of order and the application of justice in accordance to the pluralist and solidarist debate of the English School. On the other hand, the maintenance of the status quo also comes from reiterations of the coloniality of power, knowledge, and being, in line with the neocolonial hierarchies of domination of Decolonialism. The theoretical framework is constituted by these two theories which, although epistemologically antagonistic, lead to similar conclusions of the political instrumentalization of the peace operations for the maintenance of the dominant international power. Methodologically, the research is a comparative theoretical analysis that aims to demonstrate the same result obtained by different biases. For this purpose, the research is divided into three stages: first, the main concepts of the theoretical approaches are presented, separately; secondly it addresses the evolution of profile of peace operations, from the Cold War to the 21st century, with an emphasis on the processes of State (re)construction; thirdly, the maintenance of the status quo in world politics is analyzed from the correlation between the theoretical assumptions of the English School and Decolonialism and the performance of peace operations in the (re)construction of the State. In this way, the comparative theoretical analysis allowed the establishment of a common result through distinct theoretical tools: the peace operations in the State (re)construction processes culminate in the normative maintenance of the world political order favorable to the established Western powers

Sustainable development goal 5: Women's political participation in South America

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also called the 2030 Agenda, introduce a new development agenda focused on long-term articulated solutions. The agenda has adopted an inclusive and transversal project, which considers girls and women as essential to achieve sustainable development. Amongst their 17 goals, SDG 5 addresses gender equality and female empowerment. This paper emphasises SDG 5 and, more specifically, the 5.5 goal, which concerns female participation in political and leadership spheres. This research aims to indicate the female empowerment advances through the initial mapping of initiatives related to female representation in power spheres underway in South America. The methodology includes documentary and bibliographic research, supported by empirical data. The paper is structured into five sections: a historical review about development agendas, feminisms critical approaches, strategies to subvert gender inequalities in politics, other gender-sensitive public policies, and analysis of SDG 5 advances. The results point out gender is far away from parity, despite recent slight advances in South America. In addition, the increase of women in politics is seen as primordial to achieve gender equality

Post-anaesthesia pulmonary complications after use of muscle relaxants (POPULAR): a multicentre, prospective observational study

Background Results from retrospective studies suggest that use of neuromuscular blocking agents during general anaesthesia might be linked to postoperative pulmonary complications. We therefore aimed to assess whether the use of neuromuscular blocking agents is associated with postoperative pulmonary complications. Methods We did a multicentre, prospective observational cohort study. Patients were recruited from 211 hospitals in 28 European countries. We included patients (aged ≥18 years) who received general anaesthesia for any in-hospital procedure except cardiac surgery. Patient characteristics, surgical and anaesthetic details, and chart review at discharge were prospectively collected over 2 weeks. Additionally, each patient underwent postoperative physical examination within 3 days of surgery to check for adverse pulmonary events. The study outcome was the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications from the end of surgery up to postoperative day 28. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for surgical factors and patients’ preoperative physical status, providing adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) and adjusted absolute risk reduction (ARRadj). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01865513. Findings Between June 16, 2014, and April 29, 2015, data from 22803 patients were collected. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents was associated with an increased incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients who had undergone general anaesthesia (1658 [7·6%] of 21694); ORadj 1·86, 95% CI 1·53–2·26; ARRadj –4·4%, 95% CI –5·5 to –3·2). Only 2·3% of high-risk surgical patients and those with adverse respiratory profiles were anaesthetised without neuromuscular blocking agents. The use of neuromuscular monitoring (ORadj 1·31, 95% CI 1·15–1·49; ARRadj –2·6%, 95% CI –3·9 to –1·4) and the administration of reversal agents (1·23, 1·07–1·41; –1·9%, –3·2 to –0·7) were not associated with a decreased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Neither the choice of sugammadex instead of neostigmine for reversal (ORadj 1·03, 95% CI 0·85–1·25; ARRadj –0·3%, 95% CI –2·4 to 1·5) nor extubation at a train-of-four ratio of 0·9 or more (1·03, 0·82–1·31; –0·4%, –3·5 to 2·2) was associated with better pulmonary outcomes. Interpretation We showed that the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs in general anaesthesia is associated with an increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Anaesthetists must balance the potential benefits of neuromuscular blockade against the increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

non present