Comparison of Use of Isoflurane or Sevoflurane for Anaesthesia Induced by Mask in Calves

Background: Inhalation anaesthesia is an effective and reliable general anaesthesia method for inactivity, analgesia, and unconsciousness in extensive surgical procedures. Although widely used, especially in small animals, there are very few studies investigated the reliability and superiority of inhalation anaesthesia in surgical procedures for ruminants. This study intended to evaluate the anaesthetic effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane in different surgical cases with endotracheal intubation following the induction of anaesthesia using a calve-specific facemask, which is not yet a routine option in cattle.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted on 14 calves, from new-born up to 3 months-old, that undergoing various surgical operations. The animals were divided into isoflurane and sevoflurane groups, and each group contained 7 animals. In all cases, atropine (0.04 mg/kg was administered intramusculer as premedication before 15 min from anaesthesia induction. For induction, the anaesthetic agent was given at an inspiratory concentration of 3-5% in the isoflurane group and at an inspiratory concentration of 5 - 7% in the sevoflurane group during 5 min via mask at 15min after atropine administration. In both groups, endotracheal intubation was performed (about 1-3 min) after of general anaesthesia symptoms starting. At 5min after induction, anaesthesia was continued at 1.5 - 3% in the isoflurane group and at 2.5 - 4% in the sevoflurane group during operation. The animals were monitored during anaesthesia and,  anaesthetic effect, reaction of the calve, pronounced side effects, Heart Rate (HR), Systolic Arterial Blood Pressure (SABP), Diastolic Arterial Blood Pressure (DABP), Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MABP), Respiration Rate (RR), Pulse Rate (PR), Arterial Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) were recorded at before anaesthesia, the premedication period, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90min of anaesthesia. During anaesthesia, from the clinical parameters, mucosal capillary refilling time was evaluated by applying finger pressure to the oral mucosa. Mucous membrane color was determined by observing the oral mucosa. The time for palpebral reflex and swallowing reflex disappearance was measured and processed into individual forms. Anaesthesia induction and reanimation times were determined and recorded in the forms. After the operation, the return of the swallowing reflex and the time to stand up were recorded. During the operation, urination, defecation, salivation, vomiting, animal reactions, the shape and duration of the reamination period were recorded. In the isoflurane group anaesthesia induction was 3.71 ± 0.28 min, head movements started and came to the sterno- abdominal position at 4.57 ± 0.36 min, got up at 8.71 ± 0.42 min without assistance, meanwhile. In sevoflurane group, anaesthesia induction was 2.57 ± 0.20 min, head movements started and came to the sterno- abdominal position at 3.86 ± 0.40 min, the time to stand up was determined as 6.43 ± 0.29 min. During anaesthesia, HR, SABP, DABP, MABP, RR, PR, SpO2 findings were within physiological acceptable limits in 2 groups. In terms of indicators, there were no obvious differences in either group. The results revealed no significant difference between groups during anaesthesia.Discussion: The isoflurane and sevoflurane anaesthesia used in this study provided an adequate anaesthetic effect in calves characterized by adequate analgesia and muscle relaxation without any complications. The results of our study revealed that there was no significant difference between isoflurane and sevoflurane in calves. Both anaesthetic agents can be used safely for general anaesthesia in calves

Assessment of localization, shape and treatment options of femur fracture cases in newborn calves

Bu çalışmada 2017 yılında Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Hayvan Sağlığı Eğitim, Araştırma ve Uygulama Hastanesine femur kırığı şikâyeti ile getirilen buzağılarda kırık oluşum nedeni, kırığın lokalizasyonu ve sağaltım yöntemleri ile sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Hayvan materyalini farklı cins ve ırklara ait 13 adet yeni doğan buzağı oluşturdu. Kırık etiyolojileri belirlendikten sonra kırık lokalizasyonu ve tipi saptanarak yapılacak sağaltım yöntemi planlandı. Operasyonlar subaraknoid anestezi altında gerçekleştirildi. Kırık fiksasyonu için 9 olguda retrograd pin, 1 olguda plaka uygulaması gerçekleştirildi. Yeni doğan buzağılarda kırığın en çok (%53.84) güç doğuma bağlı bilinçsiz yaklaşım veya kriko kullanımına bağlı geliştiği tespit edildi. Suprakondüler ve orta diafizer oblik kırıkların eşit oranda ve diğer kırık tiplerine göre daha yaygın (%30.76) görüldüğü belirlendi. Buzağıların postoperatif dönemde kısa süre (2.3 gün) içerisinde ilgili ekstremitelerini kullandıkları görüldü. Yeni doğan buzağılarda karşılaşılan femur kırıklarının tedavisinde intramedullar pinleme ile %88.88 oranında başarı elde edilebileceği tespit edildi.In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the results of fracture formation, fracture localization and treatment methods and results of the fractures brought to the Hospital of Kafkas University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Research and Practice Hospital between 2017 by complaint of femur fracture. The animal material consisted of 13 newborn calves belonging to different sex and breeds. After the etiology of the fractures, the localization of the fracture and type was determined, treatment were planned. Operations were performed under subarachnoid anesthesia. For fracture fixation, ıt was conducted in 9 cases retrograde pin and 1 case of plate application. It was found that the most developed (53.84%) of the fractures in newborn calves were due to forced extraction during dystocia. Supracondylar and mid diafizer oblique fractures were found equally and more common (30.76%) in comparison with other types of fractures. It was observed that the calves used the relevant limbs within a short period of time (2.3 days) in the postoperative period. In the treatment of femur fractures encountered in newborn calves, intramedullary pinning was found to be a success rate of 88.88%

Approach to supracondylar humerus fractures with neurovascular compromise in children

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate neurovascular compromise in childhood Gartland Type 3 supracondylar humerus fractures (SHFs), identify the factors correlated with increased need of open reduction and compare the clinical outcome of anterior open reduction with that of closed reduction. Methods: The study included 65 patients (46 male, 19 female; mean age: 7.03 years, range: 1 to 14 years) treated surgically for SCH fracture between January 2002 and June 2008. Fractures underwent closed reduction with percutaneous pinning when possible. Open reduction was performed when adequate reduction via the closed technique failed or vascular compromise were indications for open reduction. Patient demographics, physical examination findings, adequacy of reduction, functional and cosmetic outcomes were assessed. Results: During the antecubital approach, vascular pathology was noted in all patients with signs of vascular compromise at physical examination. Half of these patients underwent vascular intervention. Closed reduction failed in 93% of patients with concomitant edema, ecchymosis and dimple sign. Of these, the median nerve was trapped between the bone fragments in 4 patients with normal neurological examinations. Functional and cosmetic results of open reduction were similar to closed reduction (p>0.05). Conclusion: Closed reduction should not be forced in cases with marked edema, ecchymosis, dimple sign, and absence of radial pulse. The anterior approach is the surgical approach of choice due to direct visualization of neurovascular bundle and availability of neurovascular intervention by extending the same approach

Supkutana ektopija pluća u vratnom području u teleta - prikaz slučaja.

This case presents a clinical, radiological and histopathological description of ectopic lung in a calf. The present case was a 45-day-old, female Simmental calf, showing a congenital mass in the lower neck region. Upon clinical inspection, it was determined that the calf was in excellent condition, but a pedunculated tumorlike mass appeared in the neck region. Palpation revealed that the mass had normal body temperature and was somewhat hard and flexible. The mass was surgically removed under inhalation anesthesia and diagnosed as an ectopic lung based on the histopathological examination. The calf was monitored for two years after the operation and was observed to be healthy and better developed than its peers. We concluded that a rare case like this should be presented as a contribution to the literature and veterinary practice.Prikazan je klinički, radiološki i histopatološki opis ektopije pluća u teleta. U ženskog teleta simentalske pasmine, u dobi od 45 dana, primijećena je kongenitalna masa u ventralnom području vrata. Tele je klinički bilo u odličnoj kondiciji s visećom masom nalik na tumor u području vrata. Palpacijom je ustanovljena masa normalne tjelesne temperature, ponešto tvrđa i pomična. Masa je kirurški bila uklonjena pod inhalacijskom anestezijom. Dijagnosticirana je ektopija pluća na osnovi histopatološke pretrage. Tele je bilo promatrano tijekom dvije godine nakon operacije. Ostalo je zdravo i bolje se razvijalo od ostalih iste dobi. Prikaz ovog slučaja koristan je prilog literaturi i veterinarskoj praksi

Total hip arthroplasty for acetabular fractures: “Early application”

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional and clinical results of early total hip arthroplasty performed to treat acetabulum fracture. METHODS: Evaluation of 17 patients who were diagnosed with acetabulum fracture and treated with early total hip arthroplasty between January 2008 and October 2013 was performed. In all, 14 patients were male, and 3 were female, with mean age of 52 years (range: 29-80 years). Time elapsed between trauma and operation was mean of 13 days (range: 2-21 days). Observation period was average of 48.2 months (range: 24-70 months). Mean Harris Hip Score was 89.6 (range: 70-100). RESULTS: In 13 patients, score was good or excellent. Total of 7 of 10 patients had returned to their pre-trauma jobs. Mean length of time for return to work was determined to be 7.2 months (range: 1.5-24 months). Of the total, 9 (52.9%) patients were diagnosed with heterotopic ossification according to Brooker Classification. CONCLUSION: After acetabulum fracture, early total hip arthroplasty with the correct indications and appropriate patient can result in functional, pain-free hip joint with the advantages of early mobilization, early return to work, and decrease in reoperation risk. Heterotopic ossification prophylaxis should be considered in the presence of I or more risk factors, such as a head injury, high-energy trauma, or associated musculoskeletal injuries