Slavery and Slave Codes in Overseas Empires

The paper proposed aims to analyze the slavery legislation born between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries, the so-called Black Codes laws—enacted in all the greatest colonial powers of the Old Continent—which regulated life and transportation of slaves in the colonies. Spain, Portugal, England and France, between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, created legislative codes dedicated to the slave’s management in the colonies, which regulated all aspects of their life: from religion to marriage, from cohabitation to imprisonment, from crimes to corporal punishment. Particularly widespread in the Caribbean colonies of the seventeenth century, these slave laws were soon in force in almost all American colonies of European monarchies, forming the legal basis on which the slave societies of the European empires were founded. In the wake of the Spanish, Portuguese, English and French slave codes, even states that had a marginal role in the process of overseas colonization enacted similar slave codes. It was the case, for example, of Denmark and Sweden that in the management of some of their ultramarine possessions adopted slave codes inspired by those of the greatest colonizing powers

G6PD-Carenza e degenerazione maculare legata all'età

Purpose: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly in Western Countries. Evidence indicates that Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency may protect against ischemic disease and ocular vascular disorders. This study was undertaken to ascertain whether G6PD deficiency may protect against AMD. Materials and Methods: 79 men with late-stage AMD and 79 male, age-matched controls without AMD were recruited. Smoking status and clinical history were recorded. Complete blood count, hemoglobin, glucose, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, transaminases, bilirubin, and erythrocyte G6PD activity were measured. Association between G6PD deficiency and AMD was investigated. Results: G6PD deficiency was found in 7 (8.9%) AMD patients and 8 (10.1%) controls, a not statistically significant difference. Stepwise logistic regression disclosed that AMD was significantly associated with increased diastolic blood pressure (OR=1.09, 95% CI=1.03-1.15, P=0.02) and LDL-cholesterol (OR=1.02, 95% CI=1.0001-1.03, P=0.049) and lower values of white blood cell (WBC) count (OR=0.71, 95% CI=0.56-0.88, P=0.02) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (OR=0.92, 95% CI=0.85-0.99, P=0.044). Conclusion: G6PD deficiency has no protective effect on nor is a risk factor for AMD. Larger studies are necessary to confirm whether increased diastolic blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol and lower values of WBC count and AST are risk factors for AMD

Indiani, tabacco e schiavi: alcune riflessioni sugli esordi dellacolonizzazione inglese in Virginia (sec. XVII)

The founding of Jamestown is the first experiment of permanent colonization undertaken by England in North America. The administration of this possession was very complex during the early stages. To overcome the difficulties, the British tried to follow the Spanish colonial model, which was successful in Central and South. To analyze the evolution of Virginia colony, as this article aims to do, it may be useful to understand on what grounds was built the British colonial model. A model that will win the competition with each rival state during the eighteenth century.La fondazione di Jamestown rappresenta il primo esperimento di colonizzazione stanziale intrapreso dall'Inghilterra in America del nord. L'amministrazione di questo possedimento si rivelo molto complessa durante le prime fasi. Per cercare di superare le difficolta incontrate, gli inglesi tentarono di ispirarsi al modello coloniale spagnolo, che tanto successo stava riscuotendo nell'America Centrale e Meridionale. Analizzare l'evoluzione del possedimento virginiano, come il presente articolo si propone di fare, puo essere utile per comprendere su quali fondamenti fu costruito il modello coloniale britannico. Un modello che si sarebbe imposto su ogni Stato rivale nel corso del XVIII secolo

Indiani, tabacco e schiavi: alcune riflessioni sugli esordi della colonizzazione inglese in Virginia (sec. XVII)

The founding of Jamestown is the first experiment of permanent colonization undertaken by England in North America. The administration of this possession was very complex during the early stages. To overcome the difficulties, the British tried to follow the Spanish colonial model, which was successful in Central and South. To analyze the evolution of Virginia colony, as this article aims to do, it may be useful to understand on what grounds was built the British colonial model. A model that will win the competition with each rival state during the eighteenth century.La fondazione di Jamestown rappresenta il primo esperimento di colonizzazione stanziale intrapreso dall'Inghilterra in America del nord. L'amministrazione di questo possedimento si rivelo molto complessa durante le prime fasi. Per cercare di superare le difficolta incontrate, gli inglesi tentarono di ispirarsi al modello coloniale spagnolo, che tanto successo stava riscuotendo nell'America Centrale e Meridionale. Analizzare l'evoluzione del possedimento virginiano, come il presente articolo si propone di fare, puo essere utile per comprendere su quali fondamenti fu costruito il modello coloniale britannico. Un modello che si sarebbe imposto su ogni Stato rivale nel corso del XVIII secolo

Legislazione e società schiavista nella Carolina del Sud (1663-1740)

ItIl presente articolo intende approfondire l'evoluzione della società schiavista nella Carolina del Sud tra il 1663 e il 1740, esaminando in dettaglio le trasformazioni che hanno caratterizzato tale periodo, soffermandosi in modo particolare sulla codificazione speciale per la schiavitù. Il saggio intende analizzare l'influenza di queste leggi sulla vita quotidiana degli schiavi, esplorando le condizioni in cui conducevano le proprie esistenze, i sistemi di punizione e i meccanismi di controllo imposti dalla società schiavista. Una parte fondamentale dell'articolo è dedicata all'analisi del ruolo delle élite locali nella promozione e nel mantenimento del sistema schiavista, esplorando il modo in cui tali élite hanno sfruttato il sistema schiavista per consolidare il loro potere, influenzando le politiche e le istituzioni locali. L'articolo affronta anche l'impatto delle rivolte degli schiavi sulla legislazione, evidenziando come tali eventi abbiano spinto le autorità a introdurre norme e meccanismi di controllo più rigidi per prevenire ulteriori disordini. In tale prospettiva, è stata analizzata la relazione tra la ribellione di Stono (1739) e la promulgazione dell'Act for the better ordering and governing negroes and other Slaves in this Province (1740).EnThis article aims to delve into the evolution of the slave society in South Carolina between 1663 and 1740, examining in detail the transformations that characterized this period, with a particular focus on the special codification for slavery. The essay intends to analyze the influence of these laws on the daily lives of slaves, exploring the conditions in which they led their lives, the punishment systems, and the control mechanisms imposed by the slave society. A fundamental part of the article is dedicated to analyzing the role of local elites in promoting and maintaining the slave system, exploring how these elites exploited the slave system to consolidate their power, influencing local policies and institutions. The article also addresses the impact of slave revolts on legislation, highlighting how such events pushed authorities to introduce stricter rules and control mechanisms to prevent further disorders. In this perspective, the relationship between the Stono Rebellion (1739) and the enactment of the Act for the better ordering and governing negroes and other Slaves in this Province (1740) has been analyzed

Rhabdomyosarcoma mimicking lymphangioma: report of three cases

oai:eyereports.org:article/37We report three cases of proptosis, in children aged 6, 10 and 12, whereby in all cases the first clinical, radiologic and ultrasonographic diagnosis was lymphangioma, while the final anatomopathological diagnosis was rhabdomyosarcoma. In presence of a rapidly worsening exophthalmos or eyelid swelling in a child, an early correct diagnosis is very important. Imaging techniques play a very important role in the diagnosis, but are often inconclusive and an excisional biopsy (if feasible) must always be considere

Intravitreal Dexamethasone in Patients with Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration Resistant to Anti-VEGF: A Prospective Pilot Study

Purpose. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a single intravitreal dexamethasone implant (DXI) combined with intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy, in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (wet-AMD) resistant to conventional treatment. Methods. In this randomized, controlled pilot study, 16 eyes of 15 patients, unresponsive to anti-VEGF therapy, were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups: DXI + anti-VEGF (treatment group: 11 eyes) and monthly anti-VEGF alone (control group: 5 eyes). Patients were treated at baseline and followed for 6 months. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters, and fluorescein angiography (FA) were evaluated. Results. Eight eyes (72.7%) in the treatment group and 2 eyes in the control group (40%) showed complete retinal fluid resorption (p=0.049). BCVA showed no significant change from baseline in both the treatment group and the control group (p=0.40 and p=0.29, respectively). Both median central foveal thickness (CFT) and median macular volume showed a greater reduction from baseline in the treatment group. Conclusion. In patients showing an incomplete response to anti-VEGF therapy, DXI combined with intravitreal anti-VEGF seems to improve retinal fluid resorption without functional advantage. This trial is registered with ACTRN12618001102268