A parametric approach to irregular fatigue prediction

A parametric approach to irregular fatigue protection is presented. The method proposed consists of two parts: empirical determination of certain characteristics of a material by means of a relatively small number of well-defined standard tests, and arithmetical application of the results obtained to arbitrary loading histories. The following groups of parameters are thus taken into account: (1) the variations of the mean stress, (2) the interaction of these variations and the superposed oscillating stresses, (3) the spectrum of the oscillating-stress amplitudes, and (4) the sequence of the oscillating-stress amplitudes. It is pointed out that only experimental verification can throw sufficient light upon possibilities and limitations of this (or any other) prediction method

Ureide Metabolism in Non-nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris L

The distribution of ureide-N was studied throughout vegetative and reproductive growth of non-nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris L. (bushbean) grown in nitrate nutrient solution. Largest increases in ureide-N per plant were correlated with flowering and early pod formation and with seed filling. Highest amounts of ureides per organ were measured in stems and axillary trifoliates. Highest concentrations (μmol ureide-N g−1 fr. wt.) were measured in young developing organs and stems. Seeds did not accumulate ureides until the ureide content of pods had reached a maximum. Results obtained using the inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, allopurinol, are consistent with the origin of ureides via purine degradation but alternative pathways cannot be discounted. Leaves and stems were shown to have the ability to degrade allantoate via an enzymic proces

Riflessioni di natura filosofico-scientifica sulle scienze psicoterapeutiche

Zusammenfassung: Wissenschaftstheorie – verstanden als Reflexion auf die wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit –, Methodologie – verstanden als Reflexion auf die wissenschaftliche Verfahrensweise – und Wissenschaftsgeschichte erhöhen den Grad an Methodizität, d. h. der Selbstreflektiertheit einer bestimmten Wissenschaft, wodurch diese ein besseres Selbstverständnis gewinnt. Die vorliegenden wissenschaftstheoretischen Überlegungen sollen zeigen, dass die Psychotherapiewissenschaft für methodologische Selbstreflexion prädestiniert ist, welche den Grad ihrer Methodizität erhöht und zur Anerkennung als eigenständige wissenschaftliche Disziplin beiträgt. Die Geschichte der Psychotherapiewissenschaft ist gekennzeichnet durch die Bildung einer Vielzahl von Schulen und Methoden, die zum Paradigma der Psychotherapiewissenschaft gehört. Ihr fehlt aber ein schulenumfassender wissenschaftstheoretischer Rahmen, der auch ihrem interdisziplinären Charakter gerecht wird. Weil die psychotherapeutische Situation durch methodische Selbstreflexion gekennzeichnet ist, liegt es nahe, dass der Psychotherapiewissenschaftler über ein ausgeprägtes Bewusstsein der methodischen und methodologischen Selbstreflexion verfügt. Durch die Entwicklung einer eigenen Wissenschaftstheorie, Methodologie und Wissenschaftsgeschichte gelangt die Psychotherapiewissenschaft zu einem reflektierteren Selbstverständnis, das im Hinblick auf ihre Anerkennung als eigenständige Disziplin grundlegend ist.Schlüsselwörter: Psychotherapiewissenschaft, Methodizität, Wissenschaftstheorie, Methodologie, Wissenschaftsgeschichte, reflektiertes SelbstverständnisSummary: Philosophy of science – interpreted as reflection on scientific activity –, methodology – interpreted as reflection on scientific method – and history of science increase the degree of methodicity, i.e. of self-reflection in a certain science, so that it gains a better self-conception. The present epistemological considerations aim at showing that psychotherapy science seems predestined for methodological self-reflection, which increases the degree of its methodicity and contributes to the recognition as an independent scientific discipline. The history of psychotherapy science is marked by the forming of a variety of schools and methods, which belongs to the paradigm of psychotherapy science. But it lacks an epistemological frame, which comprises the different schools and meets its interdisciplinary character. Because the psychotherapeutic situation is marked by methodical self-reflection, it stands to reason, that the psychotherapy scientist has a pronounced consciousness of methodical and methodological self-reflection. By the development of an own philosophy of science, a methodology and a history of science psychotherapy science achieves a reflected self-conception, which is fundamental in view of its recognition as an independent discipline.Keywords: psychotherapy science, methodicity, philosophy of science, methodology, history of science, reflected self-conceptionRiassunto: La filosofia della scienza - intesa come riflessione sull'attività scientifica - e la metodologia – intesa invece come riflessione sul metodo scientifico - e la storia della scienza aumentano il grado di metodicità, ovvero di autoriflessività di una determinata scienza. Grazie a ciò quest'ultima acquisisce una migliore coscienza di sé. Le presenti riflessioni di natura filosofico-scientifica sono volte a mostrare che le scienze psicoterapeutiche sono predestinate all'autoriflessione metodologica, la quale ne aumenta il grado di metodicità contribuendo al suo riconoscimento quale disciplina scientifica autonoma. La storia della scienze psicoterapeutiche è caratterizzata dalla creazione di una molteplicità di scuole e metodi che appartengono al paradigma delle scienze psicoterapeutiche, alle quali manca tuttavia un quadro filosofico-scientifico che includa le diverse scuole e renda giustizia al suo carattere interdisciplinare. Poiché la situazione psicoterapeutica è caratterizzata dall'autoriflessione metodica, è evidente che chi studia le scienze psicoterapeutiche deve disporre di una grande consapevolezza dell'autoriflessione metodica e metodologica. Attraverso lo sviluppo di una propria filosofia della scienza, metodologia e storia della scienza, le scienze psicoterapeutiche giungono a una coscienza riflessiva di sé, fondamentale in vista appunto del loro riconoscimento come disciplina autonoma.Parole chiave: scienze psicoterapeutiche, metodicità, filosofia della scienza, metodologia, storia della scienza, coscienza riflessiva di s

Metabolism of Glycollate by Lemna minor L. Grown on Nitrate or Ammonium as Nitrogen Source

Marques, I. A., Oberholzer, M. J. and Erismann, K. H. 1985. Metabolism of glycollate by Lemna minor L. grown on nitrate or ammonium as nitrogen source.—J. exp. Bot. 36: 1685-1697. Duckweed, Lemna minor L., grown on inorganic nutrient solutions containing either NH4+ or NO3− as nitrogen source was allowed to assimilate [1-14C]- or [2-14C]glycollate during a 20 min period in darkness or in light. The incorporation of radioactivity into water-soluble metabolites, the insoluble fraction, and into the CO2 released was measured. In addition the extractable activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase was determined. During the metabolism of [2-14C]glycollate in darkness, as well as in the light, NH4+ grown plants evolved more 14CO2 than NO3− grown plants. Formate was labelled only from [2-14C]glycollate and in NH4+ grown plants it was significantly less labelled in light than in darkness. In NO3− grown plants formate showed similar radioactivity after dark and light labelling. The radioactivity in glycine was little influenced by the nitrogen source. Amounts of radioactivity in serine implied that the further metabolism of serine was reduced in darkness compared with its metabolism in the light under both nitrogen regimes. In illuminated NH4+ plants, serine was labelled through a pathway starting from phosphoglycerate. After [1-14C]glycollate feeding NH4+ grown plants contained markedly more radioactive aspartate and malate than NO3− plants indicating a stimulated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation in plants grown on NH4