Pipers At The Gates of Dawn: Psychedelic Script Design and Posters From Haight-Ashbury’s Golden Age (1965-1969) How Artists From the Haight-Ashbury Psychedelic Community Created Wildly Avant Garde Art-Posters By Altering The Appearance And Function of Text

Senior Project submitted to The Division of Arts of Bard College

Sleep Environment Recommendations for Future Spaceflight Vehicles

Current evidence demonstrates that astronauts experience sleep loss and circadian desynchronization during spaceflight. Ground-based evidence demonstrates that these conditions lead to reduced performance, increased risk of injuries and accidents, and short and long-term health consequences. Many of the factors contributing to these conditions relate to the habitability of the sleep environment. Noise, inadequate temperature and airflow, and inappropriate lighting and light pollution have each been associated with sleep loss and circadian misalignment during spaceflight operations and on Earth. As NASA prepares to send astronauts on long-duration, deep space missions, it is critical that the habitability of the sleep environment provide adequate mitigations for potential sleep disruptors. We conducted a comprehensive literature review summarizing optimal sleep hygiene parameters for lighting, temperature, airflow, humidity, comfort, intermittent and erratic sounds, and privacy and security in the sleep environment. We reviewed the design and use of sleep environments in a wide range of cohorts including among aquanauts, expeditioners, pilots, military personnel and ship operators. We also reviewed the specifications and sleep quality data arising from every NASA spaceflight mission, beginning with Gemini. Finally, we conducted structured interviews with individuals experienced sleeping in non-traditional spaces including oil rig workers, Navy personnel, astronauts, and expeditioners. We also interviewed the engineers responsible for the design of the sleeping quarters presently deployed on the International Space Station. We found that the optimal sleep environment is cool, dark, quiet, and is perceived as safe and private. There are wide individual differences in the preferred sleep environment; therefore modifiable sleeping compartments are necessary to ensure all crewmembers are able to select personalized configurations for optimal sleep. A sub-optimal sleep environment is tolerable for only a limited time, therefore individual sleeping quarters should be designed for long-duration missions. In a confined space, the sleep environment serves a dual purpose as a place to sleep, but also as a place for storing personal items and as a place for privacy during non-sleep times. This need for privacy during sleep and wake appears to be critically important to the psychological well-being of crewmembers on long-duration missions

Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in the Sky and Space

No abstract availabl

A Pilot Study Using Asynchronous Case Discussion and Reflection to Provide Interprofessional Education to Physician Assistant and Physical Therapy Students

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects an asynchronous interprofessional education (IPE) activity had on graduate healthcare students’ beliefs regarding IPE, as measured by the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS). Methods: All first-year physician assistant and physical therapy students participated in a collaborative four-week online case discussion. Students who consented to participate in the research component filled out a pre- and post-activity RIPLS questionnaire. Responses were matched by an individualized, student-generated number to protect students’ identity. Only matched scores were analyzed. Results: The total score as well as the Teamwork and Professional Identity sub-scales were analyzed for pre-post changes using the paired t-test. The Roles and Responsibilities sub-scale was analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, due to a non-normal data distribution. A significant change (a=0.05) in score was found only in the Roles and Responsibilities sub-scale. Secondary outcomes indicate that a high proportion of the students felt the objectives of the activity were met. Conclusions: Significant changes were found on only one sub-scale of the RIPLS. Therefore, asynchronous IPE delivery does not change graduate healthcare students’ readiness for IPE. The participants felt the activity met its objectives, which indicates that asynchronous IPE delivery may be a viable technique in this population. Future studies should examine the difference between asynchronous and live IPE on the outcomes noted in this pilot study

Necrotic Ring Spot

Necrotic Ring Spot (NRS) is a fungal disease that primarily affects the roots of turfgrasses. The disease occurs on turfgrasses worldwide. Many turf species can serve as host to the disease. In Utah, the disease primarily affects Kentucky and annual bluegrass turf, although it can occur on tall fescue grass as well.

Fatigue, Schedules, Sleep, and Sleepiness in U.S. Commercial Pilots During COVID-19

cOViD-19 has had a significant impact on the aviation industry. While reduced flying capacity may intuitively translate to reduced fatigue risk by way of fewer flights and duty hours, the actual impact of the pandemic on pilot fatigue is unknown. methods: We surveyed U.S. commercial airline pilots in late 2020 (N = 669) and early 2021 (N = 156) to assess the impact of COViD-19 on schedules and fatigue during the pandemic. results: Overall, pilots reported reduced flight and duty hours compared to prepandemic. Average sleep on workdays was slightly shorter in late 2020 (6.87 ± 1.14 h) and recovered to prepandemic levels in early 2021 (6.95 ± 1.11 h). Similarly, the frequency of sleepiness on days off and in-flight increased in late 2020, with 54% of pilots reporting an increase in in-flight sleepiness, then returned to prepandemic levels in early 2021. the use of in-flight sleepiness countermeasures remained the same across assessed time points. Pilots highlighted several factors which impacted their sleep and job performance, including limited access to nutritional food during duty days and layovers, reduced access to exercise facilities during layovers, increased stress due to job insecurity and health concerns, increased distractions and workload, and changes to scheduling. discussion: Despite a reduction in flights and duty days, COViD-19 led to increased sleepiness on days off and in flight, potentially due to the negative impact of lack of access to essential needs and heightened stress on sleep. Operators need to monitor the change in these COViD-19 related risks as the industry returns to full service

Amino Acid Pool Sizes, Turnover, and Kinetics in Spirodela polyrhyza Grown Under Photoautotrophic, Mixotrophic, and Heterotrophic Conditions

University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. May 2018. Major: Plant and Microbial Biology. Advisor: Adrian Hegeman. 1 computer file (PDF); v, 43 pages.In this study I describe a [15N] stable isotopic labeling study of amino acids in Spirodela polyrhiza (common duckweed) grown under three light and carbon input conditions to mimic photoautotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic metabolic inputs. Labeling patterns, pool sizes, and kinetics/turnover rates were estimated for fifteen of the proteinogenic amino acids. Estimates of these parameters followed several trends. First, most amino acids showed plateaus in labeling patterns of less than 100% labeling. Second, total pool sizes appear largest in the heterotrophic condition, whereas active pool sizes appear to be largest in the mixotrophic growth condition. In contrast turnover measurements based on pool size were highest overall in the mixotrophic experiment. K-means clustering analysis also revealed more rapid turnover in the auto/mixotrophic. Emerging insights from other research were also supported, such as the prevalence of alternate pathways for serine metabolism in non-photosynthetic cells. These data provide extensive novel information on amino acid pool size and kinetics in S. polyrhiza and can serve as groundwork for future metabolic studies

A Summary Of: Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

Sleep loss and circadian misalignment contribute to a meaningful proportion of operational accidents and incidents. Countermeasures and work scheduling designs aimed at mitigating fatigue are typically evaluated in controlled laboratory environments, but the effectiveness of translating such strategies to operational environments can be challenging to assess. This manuscript summarizes an approach for collecting sleep, circadian, fatigue, and performance data in a complex operational environment. We studied 44 airline pilots over 34 days while they flew a fixed schedule, which included a baseline data collection with 5 days of mid-morning flights, four early flights, four high-workload mid-day flights, and four late flights that landed after midnight. Each work block was separated by 3-4 days of rest. To assess sleep, participants wore a wrist-worn research-validated activity monitor continuously and completed daily sleep diaries. To assess the circadian phase, pilots were asked to collect all urine produced in four or eight hourly bins during the 24 h after each duty block for the assessment of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s), which is a biomarker of the circadian rhythm. To assess subjective fatigue and objective performance, participants were provided with a touchscreen device used to complete the Samn-Perelli Fatigue Scale and Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) during and after each flight, and at wake-time, mid-day, and bedtime. Using these methods, it was found that sleep duration was reduced during early starts and late finishes relative to baseline. Circadian phase shifted according to duty schedule, but there was a wide range in the aMT6s peak between individuals on each schedule. PVT performance was worse on the early, high-workload, and late schedules relative to baseline. Overall, the combination of these methods was practical and effective for assessing the influence of sleep loss and circadian phase on fatigue and performance in a complex operational environment

Fatigue Monitoring in Scheduled Airline Operations

Reporting and monitoring are important facets of a comprehensive Fatigue Risk Management System. As part of efforts to reduce fatigue risks, we partnered with an international airline to study 44 (4 Female) volunteer pilots over a 4 week period that included baseline earlymiddaylate flight days and rest days off. All study procedures were approved by an IRB and participants provided written informed consent prior to beginning the study. Reduced sleep duration was associated with both early and late duties. Performance was influenced by duty timing, time of day and time awake. TLX ratings were highest for mental and effort demands, while ATC and weather were the most identified hassle factors. Melatonin analysis revealed individual variations in circadian shift over the study period. The study results highlight the value of FRMS monitoring in airline operations. Ongoing crew education should emphasize individual variation and effective mitigation strategies. Further study could focus on workload and time of day scheduling factors