Comics and Composition, Comics as Composition: Navigating Production and Consumption

Composition has a vested interest in exploring how comics studies can inform our teaching of writing, multimodal literacies, and visual rhetoric. Composition and rhetoric has already demonstrated a growing interest in comics (including graphic literatures, graphic novels, graphic narratives, digital storytelling) as complex sites of literacy and as spaces to theorize and practice multimodal composing. Comics also provide opportunities to explore the rhetorical choices and transactions that must be negotiated between composers and readers. However, despite composition scholars’ interest in multiliteracies, multimodal composing, and visual rhetoric, the interdependent and fluid connections between images and words remain largely disengaged. For example, in Embodied Literacies, Kristie Fleckenstein coined the term “imageword” to disrupt the binary that often exists between word and image and to revitalize the use of images in the composing process

Testing Whether Camera Presence Influences Habitat Specific Predation Pressure on Artificial Shorebird Nests in the Arctic

When monitoring the breeding ecology of birds, the causes and times of nest failure can be difficult to determine. Cameras placed near nests allow for accurate monitoring of nest fate, but their presence may increase the risk of predation by attracting predators, leading to biased results. The relative influence of cameras on nest predation risk may also depend on habitat because predator numbers or behaviour can change in response to the availability or accessibility of nests. We evaluated the impact of camera presence on the predation rate of artificial nests placed within mesic tundra habitats used by Arctic-breeding shorebirds. We deployed 94 artificial nests, half with cameras and half without, during the shorebird-nesting season of 2015 in the East Bay Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Nunavut. Artificial nests were distributed evenly across sedge meadow and supratidal habitats typically used by nesting shorebirds. We used the Cox proportional hazards model to assess differential nest survival in relation to camera presence, habitat type, placement date, and all potential interactions. Artificial nests with cameras did not experience higher predation risk than those without cameras. Predation risk of artificial nests was related to an interaction between habitat type and placement date. Nests deployed in sedge meadows and in supratidal habitats later in the season were subject to a higher risk of predation than those deployed in supratidal habitats early in the season. These differences in predation risk are likely driven by the foraging behaviour of Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), a species that accounted for 81% of observed predation events in this study. Arctic fox prey primarily on Arvicoline prey and goose eggs at this site and take shorebird nests opportunistically, perhaps more often later in the season when their preferred prey becomes scarcer. This study demonstrates that, at this site, cameras used for nest monitoring do not influence predation risk. Evaluating the impact of cameras on predation risk is critical prior to their use, as individual study areas may differ in terms of predator species and behaviour.Lors de la surveillance de l’écologie de reproduction des oiseaux, les causes et les périodes de défaillance des nids peuvent être difficiles à déterminer. Des caméras placées près des nids permettent une surveillance précise du sort des nids, mais leur présence peut augmenter le risque de prédation en attirant les prédateurs, ce qui entraîne des résultats biaisés. L’influence relative des caméras sur le risque de prédation des nids peut également dépendre de l’habitat, car le nombre ou le comportement des prédateurs peut changer en fonction de la disponibilité ou de l’accessibilité des nids. Nous avons évalué l’impact de la présence de caméras sur le taux de prédation des nids artificiels placés dans les habitats de la toundra mésique utilisés par les limicoles se reproduisant dans l’Arctique. Nous avons installé 94 nids artificiels, la moitié avec des caméras et l’autre moitié sans caméras, pendant la saison de nidification des limicoles de 2015 dans le Refuge d’oiseaux migrateurs de la baie Est, au Nunavut. Les nids artificiels étaient répartis uniformément dans les cariçaies et les habitats supratidaux généralement utilisés par les limicoles nicheurs. Nous avons utilisé le modèle à risques proportionnels de Cox pour évaluer la survie différentielle des nids en fonction de la présence de caméras, du type d’habitat, de la date d’installation des caméras et de toutes les interactions potentielles. Les nids artificiels équipés de caméras ne présentaient pas de risque de prédation plus élevé que ceux sans caméras. Le risque de prédation des nids artificiels était lié à une interaction entre le type d’habitat et la date d’installation des caméras. Plus tard dans la saison, les nids placés dans les cariçaies et dans les habitats supratidaux ont fait l’objet d’un risque de prédation plus élevé que ceux des habitats supratidaux en début de saison. Ces différences de risque de prédation sont probablement attribuables au comportement d’alimentation du renard arctique (Vulpes lagopus), une espèce qui représentait 81 % des événements de prédation observés dans cette étude. Le renard arctique se nourrit principalement d’arvicolinés et d’oeufs d’oie sur ce site, et s’empare des nids de limicoles de manière opportuniste, peut-être plus souvent plus tard dans la saison, lorsque ses proies préférées se font plus rares. Cette étude démontre que, sur ce site, les caméras servant à la surveillance des nids n’influencent pas le risque de prédation. Il est essentiel d’évaluer l’impact des caméras sur le risque de prédation avant leur utilisation, car chacune des zones étudiées peut différer sur le plan des espèces de prédateurs et des comportements

Uptake of genital mucosal sampling in HVTN 097, a phase 1b HIV vaccine trial in South Africa

Because sexual transmission of HIV occurs across mucosal membranes, understanding the immune responses of the genital mucosa to vaccines may contribute knowledge to finding an effective candidate HIV vaccine. We describe the uptake of rectal secretion, cervical secretion and seminal mucosal secretion sampling amongst volunteers in a Phase 1b HIV vaccine trial. Age at screening, gender, study site and the designation of the person conducting the informed consent procedure were collected for volunteers who screened for the HVTN 097 study. A total of 211 volunteers (54% female) were screened at three sites in South Africa: Soweto (n = 70, 33%), Cape Town (n = 68, 32%) and Klerksdorp (n = 73, 35%). Overall uptake of optional mucosal sampling amongst trial volunteers was 71% (n = 149). Compared to Cape Town, volunteers from Soweto and Klerksdorp were less likely to consent to sampling (Soweto OR 0.08 CI: 0.03-0.25 p<0.001 and Klerksdorp OR 0.13 CI: 0.04-0.41 p = 0.001). In contrast, volunteers over 25 years of age were 2.39 times more likely to consent than younger volunteers (CI: 1.13-5.08, p = 0.02). Further studies are required to better understand the cultural, demographic and sociobehavioral factors which influence willingness to participate in mucosal sampling in HIV prevention studies. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT0210935

The Effects of Cognitive Training Program for Cognitively Impaired Older Adults: A Pilot Randomized Control Trial

Objective:&nbsp;This pilot investigation evaluated the effectiveness of a cognitive training program for older adults with cognitive impairment.Methods:&nbsp;A sample of 23 individuals were randomly assigned to either a 24-session cognitive training program or a wait-list control group. Cognitive training sessions required participants to complete activities that targeted the following cognitive domains: attention, visual and verbal memory, visual spatial skills, processing speed, executive functioning, and language. A battery of cognitive tests were administered prior to and immediately after completion of the program. Depression, quality of life, agitated behavior, and daily functioning were also assessed.Results:&nbsp;Small to large effect sizes on half of the cognitive outcome measures were observed following participation in the program. No positive effects were found with regard to non-cognitive outcomes.Discussion:&nbsp;These results warrant further investigation into the benefits of this cognitive training program in larger randomized control trials.Clinical Implications: The cognitive training program may provide activity staff in assisted living or memory care settings a highly structured, manualized, and user-friendly intervention for older adults experiencing cognitive decline

Dogslife: A web-based longitudinal study of Labrador Retriever health in the UK

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dogslife is the first large-scale internet-based longitudinal study of canine health. The study has been designed to examine how environmental and genetic factors influence the health and development of a birth cohort of UK-based pedigree Labrador Retrievers.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the first 12 months of the study 1,407 Kennel Club (KC) registered eligible dogs were recruited, at a mean age of 119 days of age (SD 69 days, range 3 days – 504 days). Recruitment rates varied depending upon the study team’s ability to contact owners. Where owners authorised the provision of contact details 8.4% of dogs were recruited compared to 1.3% where no direct contact was possible. The proportion of dogs recruited was higher for owners who transferred the registration of their puppy from the breeder to themselves with the KC, and for owners who were sent an e-mail or postcard requesting participation in the project. Compliance with monthly updates was highly variable. For the 280 dogs that were aged 400 days or more on the 30^th June 2011, we estimated between 39% and 45% of owners were still actively involved in the project. Initial evaluation suggests that the cohort is representative of the general population of the KC registered Labrador Retrievers eligible to enrol with the project. Clinical signs of illnesses were reported in 44.3% of Labrador Retrievers registered with Dogslife (median age of first illness 138 days), although only 44.1% of these resulted in a veterinary presentation (median age 316 days).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The web-based platform has enabled the recruitment of a representative population of KC registered Labrador Retrievers, providing the first large-scale longitudinal population-based study of dog health. The use of multiple different methods (e-mail, post and telephone) of contact with dog owners was essential to maximise recruitment and retention of the cohort.</p

Conceptual Links between Landscape Diversity and Diet Diversity:A Roadmap for Transdisciplinary Research

Malnutrition linked to poor quality diets affects at least 2 billion people. Forests, as well as agricultural systems linked to trees, are key sources of dietary diversity in rural settings. In the present article, we develop conceptual links between diet diversity and forested landscape mosaics within the rural tropics. First, we summarize the state of knowledge regarding diets obtained from forests, trees, and agroforests. We then hypothesize how disturbed secondary forests, edge habitats, forest access, and landscape diversity can function in bolstering dietary diversity. Taken together, these ideas help us build a framework illuminating four pathways (direct, agroecological, energy, and market pathways) connecting forested landscapes to diet diversity. Finally, we offer recommendations to fill remaining knowledge gaps related to diet and forest cover monitoring. We argue that better evaluation of the role of land cover complexity will help avoid overly simplistic views of food security and, instead, uncover nutritional synergies with forest conservation and restoration

Hypoperfusion of brain parenchyma is associated with the severity of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional preliminary report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Several studies have reported hypoperfusion of the brain parenchyma in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. We hypothesized a possible relationship between abnormal perfusion in MS and hampered venous outflow at the extracranial level, a condition possibly associated with MS and known as chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We investigated the relationship between CCSVI and cerebral perfusion in 16 CCSVI MS patients and 8 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Subjects were scanned in a 3-T scanner using dynamic susceptibility, contrast-enhanced, perfusion-weighted imaging. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time (MTT) were measured in the gray matter (GM), white matter (WM) and the subcortical GM (SGM). The severity of CCSVI was assessed according to the venous hemodynamic insufficiency severity score (VHISS) on the basis of the number of venous segments exhibiting flow abnormalities.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There was a significant association between increased VHISS and decreased CBF in the majority of examined regions of the brain parenchyma in MS patients. The most robust correlations were observed for GM and WM (<it>r </it>= -0.70 to -0.71, <it>P </it>< 0.002 and <it>P </it>corrected = 0.022), and for the putamen, thalamus, pulvinar nucleus of thalamus, globus pallidus and hippocampus (<it>r </it>= -0.59 to -0.71, <it>P </it>< 0.01 and <it>P </it>corrected < 0.05). No results for correlation between VHISS and CBV or MTT survived multiple comparison correction.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This pilot study is the first to report a significant relationship between the severity of CCSVI and hypoperfusion in the brain parenchyma. These preliminary findings should be confirmed in a larger cohort of MS patients to ensure that they generalize to the MS population as a whole. Reduced perfusion could contribute to the known mechanisms of virtual hypoxia in degenerated axons.</p

"After my husband's circumcision, I know that I am safe from diseases": Women's Attitudes and Risk Perceptions Towards Male Circumcision in Iringa, Tanzania.

While male circumcision reduces the risk of female-to-male HIV transmission and certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs), there is little evidence that circumcision provides women with direct protection against HIV. This study used qualitative methods to assess women's perceptions of male circumcision in Iringa, Tanzania. Women in this study had strong preferences for circumcised men because of the low risk perception of HIV with circumcised men, social norms favoring circumcised men, and perceived increased sexual desirability of circumcised men. The health benefits of male circumcision were generally overstated; many respondents falsely believed that women are also directly protected against HIV and that the risk of all STIs is greatly reduced or eliminated in circumcised men. Efforts to engage women about the risks and limitations of male circumcision, in addition to the benefits, should be expanded so that women can accurately assess their risk of HIV or STIs during sexual intercourse with circumcised men