2,592 research outputs found
Complexity, Collective Effects and Modelling of Ecosystems: formation, function and stability
We discuss the relevance of studying ecology within the framework of
Complexity Science from a statistical mechanics approach. Ecology is concerned
with understanding how systems level properties emerge out of the multitude of
interactions amongst large numbers of components, leading to ecosystems that
possess the prototypical characteristics of complex systems. We argue that
statistical mechanics is at present the best methodology available to obtain a
quantitative description of complex systems, and that ecology is in urgent need
of ``integrative'' approaches that are quantitative and non-stationary. We
describe examples where combining statistical mechanics and ecology has led to
improved ecological modelling and, at the same time, broadened the scope of
statistical mechanics.Comment: 11 pages and 1 figur
The Plasma Structure of the Cygnus Loop from the Northeastern Rim to the Southwestern Rim
The Cygnus Loop was observed from the northeast to the southwest with
XMM-Newton. We divided the observed region into two parts, the north path and
the south path, and studied the X-ray spectra along two paths. The spectra can
be well fitted either by a one-component non-equilibrium ionization (NEI) model
or by a two-component NEI model. The rim regions can be well fitted by a
one-component model with relatively low \kTe whose metal abundances are
sub-solar (0.1--0.2). The major part of the paths requires a two-component
model. Due to projection effects, we concluded that the low kTe (about 0.2 keV)
component surrounds the high kTe (about 0.6 keV) component, with the latter
having relatively high metal abundances (about 5 times solar). Since the Cygnus
Loop is thought to originate in a cavity explosion, the low-kTe component
originates from the cavity wall while the high-kTe component originates from
the ejecta. The flux of the cavity wall component shows a large variation along
our path. We found it to be very thin in the south-west region, suggesting a
blowout along our line of sight. The metal distribution inside the ejecta shows
non-uniformity, depending on the element. O, Ne and Mg are relatively more
abundant in the outer region while Si, S and Fe are concentrated in the inner
region, with all metals showing strong asymmetry. This observational evidence
implies an asymmetric explosion of the progenitor star. The abundance of the
ejecta also indicates the progenitor star to be about 15 M_sun.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures, Astrophysical Journal in pres
Searching for the 3.5 keV Line in the Stacked Suzaku Observations of Galaxy Clusters
We perform a detailed study of the stacked Suzaku observations of 47 galaxy
clusters, spanning a redshift range of 0.01-0.45, to search for the
unidentified 3.5 keV line. This sample provides an independent test for the
previously detected line. We detect only a 2sigma-significant spectral feature
at 3.5 keV in the spectrum of the full sample. When the sample is divided into
two subsamples (cool-core and non-cool core clusters), cool-core subsample
shows no statistically significant positive residuals at the line energy. A
very weak (2sigma-confidence) spectral feature at 3.5 keV is permitted by the
data from the non-cool core clusters sample. The upper limit on a neutrino
decay mixing angle from the full Suzaku sample is consistent with the previous
detections in the stacked XMM-Newton sample of galaxy clusters (which had a
higher statistical sensitivity to faint lines), M31, and Galactic Center at a
90% confidence level. However, the constraint from the present sample, which
does not include the Perseus cluster, is in tension with previously reported
line flux observed in the core of the Perseus cluster with XMM-Newton and
Suzaku.Comment: ApJ in press, 9 pages, 3 figure
Counselor Allegiance and Client Expectancy in Neuroscience-Informed Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: A 12-Month Qualitative Follow-Up
This article presents summative findings from a 12-month multiphase mixed-methods pilot study examining counselor and client perceptions of neuroscience-informed cognitive-behavior therapy (nCBT) following clinical application. Results from the first 6 months of the study indicated that the counselor\u27s and client\u27s beliefs about the credibility and effectiveness of nCBT (i.e., expectancy) remained stable from pretreatment to 6 months into treatment. The fourth phase of data collection at the 12-month interval followed an explanatory sequential process whereby the qualitative data were connected to earlier merged quantitative data to better understand initial findings from the first 6 months of the study. Results indicate that counselors\u27 initial comprehension and familiarity with the model, counselor–client trust, counselor delivery and suggestion, and client willingness to practice outside of session were key components to the development of counselor and client belief (expectancy) in the model. Implications for nCBT theory development and application are discussed
Nitrogen availability and forest productivity along a climosequence on Whiteface Mountain, New York
We studied broadleaf and needle-leaf forests along an elevation gradient (600–1200 m) at Whiteface Mountain, New York, to determine relationships among temperature, mineral N availability, and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and controls on the latter two variables. We measured net N mineralization during the growing season, annual litterfall quantity and quality, aboveground woody biomass accumulation, and soil organic matter quality. Inorganic N deposition from cloudwater markedly increases mineral N availability above 1000 m in this region. Consequently, mineral N availability across the climosequence remains relatively constant because N mineralization decreases with increasing elevation. Across this climosequence, air temperature (as growing season degree-days) exerted the most control on ANPP. Nitrogen mineralization was most strongly related to soil growing season degree-days and less so to lignin to N ratios in litter. ANPP was correlated with N mineralization but not with mineral N availability. Combining our data with those from similar studies in other boreal and cool temperate forests shows that N mineralization and ANPP are correlated at local, regional, and interbiome scales. Regarding the persistent question concerning cause and effect in the N mineralization – forest productivity relationship, our data provide evidence that at least in this case, forest productivity is a control on N mineralization
Retrieval of Ocean Surface Windspeed and Rainrate from the Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) Brightness Temperature Observations
The Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) is a new airborne synthetic aperture passive microwave radiometer capable of wide swath imaging of the ocean surface wind speed under heavy precipitation e.g. in tropical cyclones. It uses interferometric signal processing to produce upwelling brightness temperature (Tb) images at its four operating frequencies 4, 5, 6 and 6.6 GHz [1,2]. HIRAD participated in NASA s Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) mission during 2010 as its first science field campaign. It produced Tb images with ~70 km swath width and 3 km resolution from a ~ 20 km altitude. From this, ocean surface wind speed and column averaged atmospheric liquid water content can be retrieved across the swath. The column averaged liquid water then could be related to an average rain rate. The retrieval algorithm (and the HIRAD instrument itself) is a direct descendant of the nadir-only Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer that is used operationally by the NOAA Hurricane Research Division to monitor tropical cyclones [3,4]. However, due to HIRAD s slant viewing geometry (compared to nadir viewing SFMR) a major modification is required in the algorithm. Results based on the modified algorithm from the GRIP campaign will be presented in the paper
The SMC SNR 1E0102.2-7219 as a Calibration Standard for X-ray Astronomy in the 0.3-2.5 keV Bandpass
The flight calibration of the spectral response of CCD instruments below 1.5
keV is difficult in general because of the lack of strong lines in the on-board
calibration sources typically available. We have been using 1E 0102.2-7219, the
brightest supernova remnant in the Small Magellanic Cloud, to evaluate the
response models of the ACIS CCDs on the Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO), the
EPIC CCDs on the XMM-Newton Observatory, the XIS CCDs on the Suzaku
Observatory, and the XRT CCD on the Swift Observatory. E0102 has strong lines
of O, Ne, and Mg below 1.5 keV and little or no Fe emission to complicate the
spectrum. The spectrum of E0102 has been well characterized using
high-resolution grating instruments, namely the XMM-Newton RGS and the CXO
HETG, through which a consistent spectral model has been developed that can
then be used to fit the lower-resolution CCD spectra. We have also used the
measured intensities of the lines to investigate the consistency of the
effective area models for the various instruments around the bright O (~570 eV
and 654 eV) and Ne (~910 eV and 1022 eV) lines. We find that the measured
fluxes of the O VII triplet, the O VIII Ly-alpha line, the Ne IX triplet, and
the Ne X Ly-alpha line generally agree to within +/-10 % for all instruments,
with 28 of our 32 fitted normalizations within +/-10% of the RGS-determined
value. The maximum discrepancies, computed as the percentage difference between
the lowest and highest normalization for any instrument pair, are 23% for the O
VII triplet, 24% for the O VIII Ly-alpha line, 13% for the Ne IX triplet, and
19% for the Ne X Ly-alpha line. If only the CXO and XMM are compared, the
maximum discrepancies are 22% for the O VII triplet, 16% for the O VIII
Ly-alpha line, 4% for the Ne IX triplet, and 12% for the Ne X Ly-alpha line.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, to be published in Proceedings of the SPIE
7011: Space Telescopes and Instrumentation II: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray 200
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