Daya Antibakteri Estrak Kulit Dan Biji Buah Pulasan (Nephelium Mutabile) Terhadap Staphylococcus Aureus Dan Escherichia Coli Secara in Vitro

Traditional medicine from drug crop has more than a pharmacological effect so that its use should be acurate and correct. The mistake in traditional medicine USAge and or drug crop can be dangerous for health. Therefore, it is required a complete scientific information to avoid it. It had been done the research of anti-bacteria activity test from crude extract of ethyl acetate and ethanol from skin and seed of Pulasan to bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with dilution method to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bakterisidal Concentration (MBC). The biggest MIC and MBC was respectively obtained from ethyl acetate extract that was 0,76 mg/ml, and ethanol extract that was 156,13 mg/ml. In general, skin and fruit seed extract of pulasan (Nephelium mutabile) has bigger resistance ones to bacterium Staphylococcus aureus compared to Escherichia coli

Improvement of root morphological characteristics on water percolation rate in grassland soils of Yellow River riparian buffer strips

Soil water percolation is an important process required to meet plant water needs, determine soil water storage, and affect soil water quality in riparian buffer strips. However, the effects of plant roots on soil percolation in riparian buffer strips are not totally understood, and contradictory results have been carried out on the effects of the root system on soil percolation rates. This study aimed to investigate soil percolation in natural grasslands and evaluate the relationships between root morphological characteristics and percolation rates. Path analysis was used to provide information on the relative contribution of root characteristics on soil percolation rates. Three mixed grasslands (Imperata cylindrica + Phragmites australis, Imperata cylindrica + Cynodon dactylon, Imperata cylindrica + Juncellus serotinus) were selected in the Yellow River wetland natural reserves of Zhengzhou. Soil percolation rates (initial, average and steady infiltration rates) were measured by using double-ring methods, and plant root morphological characteristics were analyzed. Soil percolation rates and plant root characteristics parameters of Imperata cylindrica + Phragmites australis and Imperata cylindrica + Cynodon dactylon were higher than those of Imperata cylindrica + Juncellus serotinus. Initial percolation rate of Imperata cylindrica + Phragmites australis and Imperata cylindrica + Cynodon dactylon at 0-10cm depth was 58.06% and 95.55% higher than that of Imperata cylindrica + Juncellus serotinus, respectively. Percolation rates had a significant positive correlation with root characteristic parameters, and the main factor controlling soil percolation rates was root volume density. Mixed natural grasslands with more root volume density improved soil infiltration and percolation rates.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Temporal Partitioning of Fungal Sporophores in a Temperate Deciduous Broad-Leaved Forest

The temporal partitioning hypothesis refers to the promotion of stable species’ coexistence by reducing the likelihood of competitive exclusion, such as when species are active at different months of the year. However, the studies confirming the mechanisms of species’ coexistence focus on spatial scale, and temporal partitioning hypothesis for species’ coexistence remains underexplored. Fungal sporophores that are sensitive to seasonality change are ideal candidates for studying the role of temporal differentiation hypothesis in species’ coexistence. In this study, a field survey of fungal sporocarps was conducted from May to October, and the entity and abundance of different species of fungal sporocarps in a 5-hectare forest dynamic plot in a temperate, deciduous broad-leaved forest were recorded. The results showed that the emergence of fungal sporocarps based on month was highly specialized and uneven. The torus-translation test showed that 56 species exhibited ecological habitat preferences for different months (47/100, 47%). The distribution of soil fungal sporocarps (35/75, 46.67%) based on months showed higher specialization compared with that of rotten-wood fungal sporocarps (9/22, 40.90%). The findings suggest the importance of temporal partitioning in maintaining local diversity in the fungal community

Improvements in the Root Morphology, Physiology, and Anatomy of Platycladus orientalis Seedlings from Air-root Pruning

Air-root pruning (AP) has been identified as an effective technique for enhancing root growth and development. However, little information is available regarding the temporal changes in the root system of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco under AP. We performed integrated morphological, physiological, and anatomical analyses of the roots in P. orientalis seedlings that had been air-root pruned for 120, 150, and 190 days. Our results found that the whole root length, number of root tips, and root surface area of AP seedlings at 120, 150, and 190 days were higher than those of the non–root-pruned (NP) seedlings (P \u3c 0.05), but the average root diameter did not differ significantly between the treatments. Compared with NP treatment, AP increased the root length, surface area, number of tips, and specific root length of the ≤0.5 mm diameter roots in P. orientalis during the experimental periods (P \u3c 0.05), but those of 0.5- to 1-mm-diameter roots were only increased on day 190 (P \u3c 0.05). The AP plants also exhibited higher root vitality and proportion of live fine roots than the NP plants (P \u3c 0.05). Our anatomical evaluation of the ≤0.5 mm roots and taproots revealed features that could account for the morphological differences found between the AP and NP plants. In conclusion, our results indicate that air-root pruning induced changes in the roots that promote the root system development in P. orientalis compared with the NP treatment during the experimental period. These results thus provide experimental evidence to support the use of AP in P. orientalis seedlings

Improvements in the Root Morphology, Physiology, and Anatomy of Platycladus orientalis Seedlings from Air-root Pruning

Air-root pruning (AP) has been identified as an effective technique for enhancing root growth and development. However, little information is available regarding the temporal changes in the root system of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco under AP. We performed integrated morphological, physiological, and anatomical analyses of the roots in P. orientalis seedlings that had been air-root pruned for 120, 150, and 190 days. Our results found that the whole root length, number of root tips, and root surface area of AP seedlings at 120, 150, and 190 days were higher than those of the non–root-pruned (NP) seedlings (P \u3c 0.05), but the average root diameter did not differ significantly between the treatments. Compared with NP treatment, AP increased the root length, surface area, number of tips, and specific root length of the ≤0.5 mm diameter roots in P. orientalis during the experimental periods (P \u3c 0.05), but those of 0.5- to 1-mm-diameter roots were only increased on day 190 (P \u3c 0.05). The AP plants also exhibited higher root vitality and proportion of live fine roots than the NP plants (P \u3c 0.05). Our anatomical evaluation of the ≤0.5 mm roots and taproots revealed features that could account for the morphological differences found between the AP and NP plants. In conclusion, our results indicate that air-root pruning induced changes in the roots that promote the root system development in P. orientalis compared with the NP treatment during the experimental period. These results thus provide experimental evidence to support the use of AP in P. orientalis seedlings

Additional file 2: of De novo sequencing and comparative transcriptome analysis of adventitious root development induced by exogenous indole-3-butyric acid in cuttings of tetraploid black locust

Summary of the blastx results for the tetraploid black locust transcriptome against five databases. (DOCX 13 kb

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Genome-wide analysis of autophagy-associated genes in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) and characterization of the function of SiATG8a in conferring tolerance to nitrogen starvation in rice

Expression analysis of autophagy-associated gene (ATG) in various foxtail millet organs. Figure S2. The transcription levels of SiATG8a in three transgenic rice lines relative to wild type rice. Figure S3. The transcription levels of 18 endogenous ATG in the three transgenic rice lines. Figure S4. SiATG8a expression and phenotype analysis in multiple foxtail millet varieties grown under nitrogen starvation conditions. Figure S5. The total nitrogen content for whole plants under normal and starvation conditions. Table S1. The autophagy-associated gene (ATG) homologue superfamily in foxtail millet. Information includes common names and locus names of the putative SiATGs in different versions of PHYTOZOME. TableS2. The autophagy-associated gene (ATG) homologue superfamily in foxtail millet. pI: isoelectric point, M: molecular weight. Table S3. Conserved motifs identified in the foxtail millet ATG family proteins using MEME software. Table S4. The Ka/Ks ratios and estimated divergence times for orthologous ATG proteins between foxtail millet and maize. Table S5. The Ka/Ks ratios and estimated divergence times for orthologous ATG proteins between foxtail millet and rice. Table S6. The Ka/Ks ratios and estimated divergence times for orthologous ATG proteins between foxtail millet and sorghum. Table S7. Foxtail millet varieties examined in this study. Table S8. Overview of the expression of ATGs in foxtail millet in response to treatment with various stresses. “+” and “-”indicate that the relative expression level of a given ATGs was up-regulated or down-regulated, respectively, in response to a given stress. The number represents the difference in expression expressed as a fold change. 0 means the absolute value are between 0 and 1;1 means ≥ 1 fold change; 2 means ≥ 2 fold change etc. Table S9. Primers used for the qRT-PCR analysis of the 37 SiATG genes. Table S10. A list of the primer sequences used for the cloning of SiATG8a and the PCR analysis of SiATG8a in transgenic rice. Table S11. Primers used for the for qRT-PCR analysis of endogenous ATG genes of rice. (DOCX 1530 kb