The Relationship among Gross Barter Terms of Trade, Exchange Rates, and Economic Growth: A Case in Turkey

The terms of trade are related to the measurement of foreign trade performance in open economies and are based on the comparison of export and import price ratios of a country. Since the definition of terms of trade lacks an interpretation regarding export and import volumes, calculation of gross barter terms of trade which takes the amounts into account is brought out. In this study, the relationship of gross barter terms of trade with foreign exchange rates and Industrial Production Index representing economic growth is analyzed in Turkey between 2005: 01 - 2015: 06 by using the ARDL Boundary Test approach. Keywords: Terms of Trade,  Gross Barter Terms of Trade, ARDL Boundary Test approach JEL Classifications: B17, F02, F43, O4

The prevalance of premenstrual syndrome in nursery students and its relationship with quality of life

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome, to explore methods to cope with it and to determine the relation between premenstrual symptoms and the students'quality of life. MATERIALS and METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 201 nursery students. Students who were at school at the questionnaire period, who accepted to participate in the study, who did not have a diagnosed psychiatric problem and who had normal menstrual cycle were taken as survey group (n=168). In order to evaluate premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual syndrome scale was used. Quality of life was determined by SF-36 (Short Form) quality of life scale. RESULTS: Premenstrual syndrome prevalence in nursery students was 60.1%. Premenstrual syndrome was seen more in students who had pain in mensturation period than others. The most common physical problems were found as stomachache, skin/face acnes, breast sensibility/pain. The most common psychological problems were anger, sensibility and fractiousness. Students thought that premenstrual symptoms mostly effect their physical health, psychological health and social life. It was found that PMS had negative effects on the students' quality of life. Physical role functioning, emotional role functioning, mental health, vitality status and general health perceptions were found worse in students who had PMS whereas no relation was found between PMS and physical functioning or social role functioning of students. Methods to cope with premenstrual syndrome was found as sleeping, eating sweety foods, using analgesics, drinking much water and using herbals. CONCLUSION: Premenstrual syndrome was seen in one third of the students and had negative effects on their quality of life. In order to promote the quality of life of the students, it is important to educate youth about sexual health, adolescent period and methods to cope with adolescent problems

Effects of in-office bleaching agent combined with different desensitizing agents on enamel

Objective: To analyze color change, microhardness and chemical composition of enamel bleached with in-office bleaching agent with different desensitizing application protocols. Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventeen polished anterior human enamel surfaces were obtained and randomly divided into nine groups (n=13). After recording initial color, microhardness and chemical composition, the bleaching treatments were performed as G1: Signal Professional White Now POWDER&LIQUID FAST 38% Hydrogen peroxide(S); G2: S+Flor Opal/0.5% fluoride ion(F); G3: S+GC Tooth Mousse/Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPPACP) paste(TM); G4: S+UltraEZ/3% potassium nitrate&0.11% fluoride(U); G5: S+Signal Professional SENSITIVE PHASE 1/30% Nano-Hydroxyapatite (n-HAP) suspension(SP); G6: S-F mixture; G7: S-TM mixture; G8: S-U mixture; G9: S-SP mixture. Color, microhardness and chemical composition measurements were repeated after 1 and 14 days. The percentage of microhardness loss (PML) was calculated 1 and 14 days after bleaching. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, Welch ANOVA, Tukey and Dunnett T3 tests (p<0.05). Results: Color change was observed in all groups. The highest ΔE was observed at G7 after 1 day, and ΔE at G8 was the highest after 14 days (p<0.05). A decrease in microhardness was observed in all groups except G6 and G7 after 1 day. The microhardness of all groups increased after 14 days in comparison with 1 day after bleaching (p>0.05). PML was observed in all groups except G6 and G7 after bleaching and none of the groups showed PML after 14 days. No significant changes were observed after bleaching at Ca and P levels and Ca/P ratios at 1 or 14 days after bleaching (p>0.05). F mass increased only in G2 and G6, 1 day after bleaching (p<0.05). Conclusions: The use of desensitizing agents containing fluoride, CPP-ACP, potassium nitrate or n-HAP after in-office bleaching or mixed in bleaching agent did not inhibit the bleaching effect. However, they all recovered microhardness of enamel 14 days after in-office bleaching

Depressive symptomatology among university students in Denizli, Turkey: Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates

Aim: To determine overall and subgroup prevalence of depressive symptomatology among university students in Denizli, Turkey during the 1999-2000 academic year, and to investigate whether sociodemographic factors were associated with depressive symptoms in university students. Methods: A stratified probability sample of 504 Turkish university students (296 male, 208 female) was used in a cross-sectional study. Data were obtained by self-administered questionnaire, including questions on sociodemographic characteristics and problem areas. The revised Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to determine depressive symptoms of the participants. BDI scores 17 or higher were categorized as depressive for logistic regression analysis. Student t-test and linear regression were used for continuous data analysis. Results: Out of all participants, 26.2% had a BDI score 17 or higher. The prevalence of depressive symptoms increased to 32.1% among older students, 34.7% among students with low socioeconomic status, 31.2% among seniors, and 62.9% among students with poor school performance. The odds ratio of depressive symptoms was 1.84 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-3.28) in students with low socioeconomic status and 7.34 (95% CI, 3.36-16.1) in students with poor school performance in the multivariate logistic model. The participants identified several problem areas: lack of social activities and shortage of facilities on the campus (69.0%), poor quality of the educational system (54.8%), economic problems (49.3%), disappointment with the university (43.2%), and friendship problems (25.9%). Conclusions: Considering the high frequency of depressive symptoms among Turkish university students, a student counseling service offering mental health assistance is necessary. This service should especially find the way to reach out to poor students and students with poor school performance

Limb Lengths of Primary School Children in a City From Western Region of Turkey

Anthropometry has been used for the assessment of growth at different ages. Among the anthropometric measurements, weight, height, arm circumference, and lower and upper limb lengths are of the most important criteria showing the development of children in school age. The aim of the present study was to measure the lengths of upper (arm, forearm, hand) and lower (thigh, leg, foot) limbs of children studying in primary schools of Aydin, a city in the western region of Turkey, and to assess the differences according to the gender (female, male) and living areas (urban, rural). In different age groups, many differences were observed when compared for gender and area. Differences were also seen when compared with the other studies done in different part of Turkey. The data was the first one for the region and it might be useful for further regional studies or for national comparisons. More studies designed with bigger sample sizes that cover many cities belonging to the same region of the country are needed. In addition to cross-sectional studies, Longitudinal studies may give more useful knowledge for understanding the growth of children

Loneliness in Elderly People, Associated Factors and Its Correlation with Quality of Life: A Field Study from Western Turkey

Background: This study examined the factors that affect loneliness of older people and their relationship with quality of life. Methods: Data in this cross-sectional study were collected through survey form, UCLA Loneliness Scale and Quality of Life (QOL) Short Form (SF-36) Scale. The total number of elderly people over the age of 65 yr from whom the study population was chosen was 4,170.The study population was determined as 190 with G-power program by taking impact size 0.362, α=0.05, power (1-β) =0.80 at a confidence level of 95% and a substitute group composing of 10 individuals was added. In total, 83.2% (n=174) of the target population was reached via Multi-Stage Sampling Methods. Results: UCLA Loneliness median score of the participants was 33 (25thp= 27, 75thp= 40). It was found that the existence of chronic diseases and physical handicaps, regular use of medication, lack of hobbies and living with spouse increased loneliness (P<0.05). A negative relationship was identified between all sub-scales in the QOL scale and loneliness. Conclusion: Loneliness negatively affects QOL in old age and that the existence of chronic health problems and lack of hobbies are strong predictors for loneliness. Elderly people living alone must be evaluated as a high-risk group and thus policy makers and health personnel should be aware of the factors that can affect loneliness. In order to increase life quality of the aged population and psychological well-being of the elderly, social support systems must be taken  into account and the elderly should be encouraged to participate in social activities

Postpartum depression prevalence and related risk factors in AydIn province

AMAÇ: Bu çalışmanın amacı,Aydın İl Merkezinde doğum sonrası depresyon görülme durumunu ve ilişkili risk etmenlerini incelemektir. GEREÇ ve YÖNTEM: Aydın il merkezinde 6-8 haftalık bebeği olan annelerde yapılmış kesitsel tipte bir çalışmadır. Çalışma grubunun seçiminde çok aşamalı örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. 248 kadına yüz yüze anket uygulanmıştır. Doğum sonrası depresyon görülme durumunun belirlenmesinde Edinburg Doğum Sonrası Depresyon Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca sosyal destek ihtiyacı ve genel sağlık durumlarını belirlemek amacıyla aile ve arkadas sosyal destek ölçeği ve genel sağlık anketi uygulanmıştır. BULGULAR: Kadınların son gebeliklerinde doğum sonrası depresyon görülme sıklığı %12,5 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Tek değişkenli analizlerde kadının yaşam şeklinin, aile içinde stres, evliliğinde sorun yaşamasının, eşinden şiddet görmesinin, gebeliğin istenmemesinin, gebelik öncesi ruhsal sorunlar yaşamasının, eşinin veya kendi ailesi ile kötü ilişkilerinin olmasının, aile veya arkadaş ilişkilerinin kötü olmasının doğum sonrası depresyon görülme durumunu etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. İleri analizlerde doğum sonrası dönemde depresyon görülme durumunu evde anne-baba veya kardeşlerle yaşamanın 3,533 kat (%95 GA'da 1,269-9,838), aile içinde stres yaratan olaylar olmasının 2,674 kat (%95 GA'da 1,037-6,896), gebelik öncesi dönemde ruhsal problemlerinin olmasının 9,867 kat (%95 GA'da 2,043-47,644), kendi ailesi ile iliskilerinin kötü veya orta düzeyde olmasının 4,650 kat (%95GA'da 1,473-14,679) etkiledigi tespit edilmiştir SONUÇ: Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde diger sağlık sorunlarına daha fazla önem verildiğinden doğum sonrası depresyon ihmal edilmektedir. Bunun için birinci basamak sağlık hizmetleri çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilen gebe takibi ve doğum sonrası izlemlerin ebeler tarafından evlerde verildiği Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ülkelerde Edinburg Dogum Sonrası Depresyon Ölçeği gibi basit tarama araçlarını kullanarak, doğum sonrası depresyon riski altında olan kadınların tanımlanması son derece önemlidir.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalance and risk factors of postpartum depression in Aydin Province. MATERIALS and METHODS: Across-sectional design was used to study a group of women with six to eight weeks old babies, in Aydin city center. Multistage sampling method was used in the selection of the study group. Questionnaire forms were administered to 248 women by face to face interview technique. Edinburg Postpartum Depression Scale was used for the assessment of postpartum depression. Also family and friend social support scale were used. General health questionnaire was used in order to assess general health status and social support need of women. RESULTS: Postpartum depression prevalance of last pregnancy period of women was 12,5 %. In univariate analysis, living arrangements, stresfull life events within family environment, marrital problems, violence from husband, unintended pregnancy, psychologic problems before pregnancy, bad relationships with her or husband's family, bad relationships with her family or friends were significant risk factors for postpartum depression (p<0,05). In the final model of multivariate analyses, factors those effect postpartum depression were: living with mothers-fathers-sisters or brothers 3.533 (95% CI 1.269-9.838), stressfull events in family 2.674 (95% CI 1.037- 6.896), psychologic problems before pregnancy 9.867 (95% CI 2.043-47.644) and bad relationships with her own family 4.650 (95% CI 1.473-14.679). CONCLUSION: Postpartum depression is mostly neglected in developing countries in which other health problems are considered to be more important. Therefore, it is essential to identify women under the risk of postpartum depression using simple screening tools like Edinbug Postpartum Depression Scale where antenatal and postpartum follow-up visits are made by midwives

Missed opportunities for tetanus immunization of 15-49 year oldwomen

Tetanoz ülkemizde ve dünyada insan saglıgını tehdit eden ası ile korunabilir hastalıklardan biridir. Kadınların tetanoza karsı bagısıklanması, hem anneyi hem de bebegi tetanozdan koruması nedeniyle son derece önemlidir. Ancak ülkemizde dogurganlık tetanoz asılama oranları, birinci basamakta bagısıklama hizmetlerindeki yetersizliklerin yanı sıra, bu konudaki bilgi ve motivasyon eksikligi nedeniyle istenen düzeyde degildir. Bu çalısmanın amacı 15-49 yas arası kadınların tetanoz bagısıklamasında, kaçırılmıs fırsat durumunun belirlenmesidir. Arastırma kesitsel tipte olup, Aydın Il Merkezi'ndeki 2 saglık ocagında gerçeklestirilmistir. Saglık ocagına herhangi bir sebeple basvuran ve arastırmaya katılmayı kabul eden 15-49 yas arası kadınlar (n=245) çalısmaya dahil edilmistir. Veri Saglık Yüksekokulu ögrencileri tarafından yüz yüze anket yöntemiyle elde edilmistir. Kadınların bagısıklama durumları ası kartı yanında olanların ası kartlarından, yanında olmayanların ise anamnezlerine göre yapılmıstır.Veri analizinde ki-kare, Fisher'in kesin testi ile Student's t testi kullanılmıstır. Bu arastırmada 15-49 yas grubu kadınlarda tetanoz asısı için kaçırılmıs fırsat oranı %24,5 olarak bulunmustur. Kaçırılmıs fırsat tespit edilen kadınların %73,3'ünde kaçırılmıs doz 3.'sü, %25,0'inde 2.'si, %1,7'sinde 1.'sidir. Kadının gebe olmaması veya ası kartı bulunmaması kaçırılmıs fırsat görülme durumunu etkilemektedir. Arastırma bölgesinde her dört kadından birinde kaçırılmıs fırsat oldugu, en fazla kaçırılmıs fırsatın 3. dozda görüldügü tespit edilmistir. Fırsatların yakalanması asılama oranlarını yükseltecegi gibi, anne ve bebek saglıgının korunması bakımından son derece önemlidir. Bu nedenle saglık ocaklarında saglık personelinin egitilerek, tetanoz bagısıklaması ile ilgili farkındalıgın ve duyarlılıgın artırılması önemlidir.Tetanus is a vaccine-preventable disease that threatens health both globally and in Turkey. Tetanus immunization of women is very important as it protects both the mother and the baby. In Turkey however, tetanus immunization coverage is not at the desired level due to insufficiencies in immunization services at health centers and lack of knowledge and motivation. The aim of this study is to determine missed opportunities in tetanus immunization among 15-49 year-old women. This is a cross-sectional study performed at 2 health centers in the city center ofAydin Province. 15-49 year-old women (n=245) were included in the study who came to the health center for any reason and accepted to participate. Data were collected by face to face interviews performed by High School of Health students. Immunization coverage was assessed by examining vaccination cards if women had one, or according to the information they gave if they did not have any. Data were analysed by chi-square, Fisher's exact test and Student's t- test. Ratio of missed opportunities for tetanus vaccination among women at reproductive age were found to be 24.5%. In 73.3% of women in whom missed opportunities were detected, the missed dose of tetanus vaccine was the third, in 25.0% the second, in 1.7% the first dose. No pregnancy or not having a vaccination card affected the rate of missed opportunities. It was found that there was a missed opportunity for 1 in 4 women in the study area and the biggest proportion of the missing vaccination is the 3rd dose. Catching opportunities is important not only in raising the immunization coverage but also good for mother and baby health. Thus, it is important to increase awareness and sensitivity about tetanus vaccination in health centers by training health personnel

Air pollution in Aydın city between 1997-2004

Amaç: Çalısmanın amacı, 1997-2004 yılları arasında Aydın ili kent merkezindeki hava kirliligini degerlendirmektir. Yöntem: Bu kesitsel çalısmada, 1997-2004 yılları arasındaAydın merkezindeki kükürtdioksit ve partikül madde düzeyleri incelenmistir. Veriler,Aydın Il Saglık Müdürlügü Çevre Saglıgı Subesi'nden elde edilmistir. Ölçümler sürekli örnekleme yapan yarı otomatik kükürtdioksit ve duman ölçer cihazı (Burch-Bulap 201-8, 87036) ile Halk Saglıgı Laboratuarınca yapılmıstır. Ölçümler kent merkezindeki 14 farklı bölgeden, sabah (08.00-09.00) ve aksam (16.00-17.00) olmak üzere iki kez yapılmıstır. 1997-2003 yılları arasında elde edilen ölçümlerin ortalama degerleri aylara/yıllara göre karsılastırılmıstır. Ölçümler Hava Kalitesinin Korunması Yönetmeligi degerleri ile karsılastırılmıstır. Bulgular: Yedi yıllık süreçte kükürtdioksit ve partikül madde degerleri incelendiginde yıllara göre hava kirliligi düzeylerinde herhangi bir farklılık tespit edilmemistir (kükürtdioksit ve partikül madde için sırasıyla: p=0,526, p=0,822).Yedi yıllık ortalama kükürtdioksit düzeyi 41,26±24 ; ,86 !gr/m partikül madde düzeyi de 27,66±16,23 olarak tespit edilmistir. Aylara göre hava kirliligi düzeyleri karsılastırıldıgında en yüksek degerler kıs aylarında, özellikle Ocak ayındadır (p=0,000). Sonuç: Aydın'da hava kirliligi ölçümleri, Hava Kalitesinin Korunması Yönetmeligi'nin öngördügü uzun/kısa vadeli sınır degerleri asmamıstır. 1997-2003 yılları arasında kükürtdioksit ve partikül madde degerleri bakımından yıllara göre herhangi bir farklılık tespit edilmemistir. Bunda, Saglık Müdürlügü Çevre Saglık Subesinin düzenli çalısmasının rolü büyüktür. Her ne kadar sınır degerler asılmasa da kıs aylarında meteorolojik kosullar nedeniyle hava kirliligi parametrelerinde belirgin artıslar saptanmıstır. Mevzuat degisikligi nedeniyle son bir yıldır ölçüm yapılamamakta, hava kirliligi verilerine ulasılamamaktadır. Kirlilik kontrolü ile ilgili olarak alınan önlemler yeterince uygulanmazsa, hava kirliligi parametrelerinde yükselmeler görülebilir. Özellikle kıs aylarında kirlilik düzeylerinde ani yükselmeler olabilecegi için ölçüm ve izlemlerin sürekli yapılması gerekmektedir.Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate air pollution in Aydın city between 1997-2004. Method: In this cross sectional study, the levels of particulates and sulfur dioxide in the city of Aydın have been examined between 1997 and 2004. The data have been acquired from the Environmental Health Division of the Health Directorate of Aydın province. Samples were continuously measured by a semi automatic sulphur dioxide and exhaust sampler (Burch-Bulap 201-8, 87036) at the Public Health Laboratory. Measurements of 14 different areas of the city were made twice daily: in the morning (08.00-09.00) and in the evening (16.00-17.00). Montly and yearly comparisons were made using the average values of measurements taken between 1997-2003 with the standards of the Air Quality Protection Regulations. Findings:During the seven year period of monitorization, differences in levels of sulfur dioxide, particulatesand the level of air pollution were insignificant (for the level of sulphur dioxide and particulates, p=0,526, p=0,822 respectively). The seven year average of the level of sulfur dioxide was 41,26±24,86 μgr/m3; while the particulate matter was 27,66±16,23 μgr/m3. In winter months, especially January air pollution levels were the highest (p=0,000). Conclusion: The air pollution measurements do not exceed the Air Quality Protection Regulation, suggestedlong/short term standards. As for the levels of sulphur dioxide and particulates, there has been no change between the years 1997-2003. The organized projects of the Environmental Health Division of the Health Directorate of Aydın Province has played a significant role concerning these results. Even though the limits have not been exceeded, due to meterological conditions during the winter months, the air pollution parameters show an obvious increase in the air pollution. Because of several regulatory changes, air measurements have not been obtained for the last year, and so no current data are available. If adequate air pollution control measures are not taken, there may be a rise in air pollution parameters. Especially during the winter months, the air pollution levels should be continually monitored as sudden increases may occur

Clinical Evaluation of a Self-Adhering Flowable Resin Composite in Minimally Invasive Class I Cavities: 5-year Results of a Double Blind Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial

Svrha istraživanja: Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti dugoročne kliničke rezultate samoadhezivnog tekućeg kompozita u usporedbi s konvencionalnim tekućim kompozitom u kombinaciji s jetkajuće-ispirućim adhezivom u minimalno invazivnim kavitetima I. razreda. Materijali i metode: Na zubima dvadeset i pet pacijenata izrađena su barem po dva ispuna I. razreda (n = 65). Nakon što su preparirani kaviteti I. razreda, nasumično su restaurirani ili samoadhezivnim tekućim kompozitom (Vertise-Flow/Kerr-VR) [skupina 1 (n = 33)], ili konvencionalnim tekućim kompozitom (Luxaflow/DMG-LX) u kombinaciji s jetkajuće-ispirućim adhezivnim sustavom (Teco/DMG) [skupina 2 (n = 32)] prema uputama proizvođača. Dva istraživača procijenila su početne vrijednosti restauracija prema kriterijima FDI-a i nakon toga u petogodišnjem razdoblju jedanput na godinu. Statistička analiza provedena je Pearsonovim Chi-kvadrat testom i Cochranovim Q-testom, a zatim McNemarovim testom (p = 0,05). Rezultati: Nakon pet godina ukupno je izrađeno 47 restauracija sa stopom odaziva na kontrolne preglede od 68 %. U razdoblju od četiri godine, na trima (11,5 %) restauracijama u skupini VR i dvjema u skupini LX (7,6 %) dogodio se kumulativni gubitak retencije. Sedamnaest restauracija (73,9 %) VR i 14 LX (58,3 %) ocijenjeno je klinički dobrima (2) za parametar rubne prilagodbe. Pri procjeni nakon pet godina u skupinama VR i LX zabilježeni su slični rezultati za sve procijenjene parametre (p > 0,05). Kumulativne stope gubitka retencije u skupinama VR i LX iznosile su 15,3 %, odnosno 7,6 %. Ni kod jedne restauracije nije zabilježen rekurentni karijes ili postoperativna osjetljivost. Za oba materijala zabilježena je značajna promjena nakon četiri i pet godina, kad je riječ o rubnom obojenju, u odnosu prema početnoj vrijednosti (p < 0,001). Nadalje, opažene su značajne promjene za parametar rubne prilagodbe u skupinama VR i LX nakon jedne, dvije, tri, četiri i pet godina u usporedbi s početnom vrijednosti (p < 0,001). Zaključak: Oba materijala za restauraciju kaviteta I. razreda pokazala su klinički prihvatljive rezultate nakon pet godina. Samoadhezivni tekući kompozit imao je slične kliničke performanse kao i konvencionalni tekući kompozit u kombinaciji s jetkajuće-ispirućim adhezivnim sustavom.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical performance of a self-adhering flowable resin composite compared to a conventional flowable resin composite used with an etch&rinse adhesive system in minimally invasive Class I cavities. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients received at least one pair of Class I restorations (n=65). After Class I cavities had been prepared, they were randomly restored either with a self-adhering flowable resin composite (Vertise-Flow/Kerr-VR) [Group-1 (n=33)], or with a flowable resin composite (Luxaflow/DMG-LX) in combination with an etch&rinse adhesive (Teco/DMG) [Group-2 (n=32)] according to the manufacturers’ instructions. The restorations were evaluated at baseline and yearly during 5 years according to the FDI criteria by two evaluators. A statistical analysis was carried out using the Pearson Chi-Square test and the Cochran Q-test followed by the Mc Nemar’s test (p=0.05). Results: After 5 years a total of 47 restorations were evaluated with a recall rate of 68%. At 4-year, 3 (11.5%) VR and 2 LX (7.6%) restorations exhibited a cumulative retention loss. Seventeen (73.9%) VR and 14 LX (58.3%) restorations exhibited clinically acceptable (2) scores for marginal adaptation. At 5-year evaluations VR and LX showed similar results regarding all evaluated criteria (p > 0.05). The cumulative retention loss rates of VR and LX were 15.3% and 7.6%, respectively. None of the restorations demonstrated a recurrence of caries and post operative sensitivity. Both materials showed significant changes at 4 and 5 years regarding marginal staining when compared to baseline (p<0.001). Furthermore, significant changes were observed for VR and LX at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years for marginal adaptation according to baseline (p<0.001). Conclusion: The use of both materials for the restoration of Class-I cavities demonstrated clinically acceptable performance at the end of 5-year. The self-adhering flowable composite exhibited a clinical performance similar to the conventional flowable applied with an etch&rinse adhesive