Analysis of Carbon Tax on Selected European Countries: Does Carbon Tax Reduce Emissions?

Since the first days of its existence, the humanity had been using natural resources to meet its needs. Especially along with the globalization period as a result of the Industrial Revolution and the rapid development of communication technologies within the last fifty years, the production has increased significantly in the world and has created negative effects on the environment. The leading adverse effects involve the emission of greenhouse gases and the global warming, which stem from the energy supply of fossil fuels as the main inputs of production. The global warming can be described as an increase in temperature worldwide. Irreversibility is the most important feature of the global warming. Therefore, in the absence of objective measures, the future costs would be much higher than the current ones. For this reason, governments need to take various measures to reduce the volume of emissions. The most important of these measures is carbon taxes. Carbon taxation encourages individuals to use fewer fossil fuels and to find new sources of energy by increasing the cost of using fossil fuels that cause carbon dioxide emissions through the price mechanism. To this end, the impacts of carbon tax levied in 18 selected European countries on economic growth, urbanization, natural gas and petroleum usage, and CO2 emissions are examined by panel data analysis for the 1995-2015 period. The analysis results indicate that a 1% increase in environmental taxes reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 0.9%. Furthermore, it is reported that a 1% increase in natural gas and petroleum consumption among the variables included in the analysis increased carbon dioxide emissions by 0.1% and 0.7%, respectively; while a 1% increase in urbanization reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 0.9%

Processing and compression testing of Ti6Al4V foams for biomedical applications

Open cell Ti6Al4V foams (60% porosity) were prepared at sintering temperatures between 1,200 and 1,350 °C using ammonium bicarbonate particles (315–500 μm) as space holder. The resulting cellular structure of the foams showed bimodal pore size distribution, comprising macropores (300–500 μm) and micropores (1–30 μm). Compression tests have shown that increasing sintering temperature increased the elastic modulus, yield and compressive strength, and failure strain of foams. The improvements in the mechanical properties of foams prepared using smaller size Ti64 powder with bimodal particle distribution were attributed to the increased number of sintering necks and contact areas between the particles. Finally, the strength of foams sintered at 1,350 °C was found to satisfy the strength requirement for cancellous bone replacement.Technology Development Foundation of Turkey (TTGV) for the grant #TTGV-102/T1

The Economic Impacts of Aging Societies

Changes occuring in the health sector and in terms of society within the last 100 years in the world has extended the life expectations at the time of birth and decreased the birth rates. These changes have been experienced especially in developed countries rather than the underdeveloped and developing countries. The aim of this study is to make the determination of the economic effects of growth by using panel data analysis method for 2000-2014 period in 19 developed countries consisting of USA, Canada, England, Germany, France, Japan, Belgium, Australia, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Denmark. The panel corrected Standard errors (PCSE) regression test results show that the income per capita is directly proportional with the income per worker and labour force total participation rate (LFTP). So when the average of age increases LFTP decreases and this affects negatively the national income of countries. Keywords: Aging; Labour Force Participation Rate; Panel Data Analysis JEL Classifications: J11; J21; C2

Exercise-Induced Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia in a Patient with Isolated Left Ventricular Noncompaction

Isolated left ventricular noncompaction is a hereditary cardiomyopathy in which a variety of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias could be observed. We report a patient with exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia with left bundle branch block morphology that had characteristics of an idiopathic ventricular tachycardia who was subsequently diagnosed as left ventricular noncompaction. Successful remission of arrhythmia was ensured after the introduction of oral beta-blocker therapy

Influence Of Different Led Curing-Units On Depth Of Cure and Micro-Hardness Of Nano-Hybrid Resin Composite

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of two second generation LED Light curing units and a third-generation polywave LED Ligth curing unit at three different irradiation durations on surface microhardness and detpth of cure of nanofilled composite resin material. Materials and Methods: EliparTM S10, EliparTM Deep Cure-S, VALO Cordless, was evaluated at 10s, 20s, 40s curing periods in this study. A nanofilled composite FiltekTM Z550 that contains camphorquinone as photoinitiator is used as test material. For microhardness test ninety 6 mm diameter, 4 mm deep cylindrical composite blocks in teflon molds were prepared. For each light source at each application times 10 specimen were prepared (n=10) and tested. Also ninety, 4 mm diameter, 6 mm deep cylindrical composite specimens in a split aluminum mold polymerized with three different light sources at three different durations (n=10) were tested for depth of cure measurement. Data were analyzed statistically by SPSS (Ver: 22.0) and significance test of the difference between the two means (Kolmogorov-Simirnov), the variance analysis, and the Tukey Test used. Results: The values of cure depth were found significantly higher at 40 seconds of irradiation time for all light sources used (p<0.05). Elipar Deep Cure-S showed the higher top surface microhardness at 40s polymerization (p<0.05) Conclusion: All light devices used in the study provided adequate polymerization of the nanofill composite at all application durations in this study. The highest polymerization depth and microhardness values were achieved at 40 sec. polymerization time for all LCUs.

DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF CANCER AND NEPHROTOXICITY

Antineoplastik ilaçlar vücutta patolojik biçimde çoğalmakta olan kanser hücrelerini yok ettikleri gibi, hızlı biçimde çoğalmakta olan normal hücreleri de yok ederler. Bu nedenle çoğu kanser ilacının kemik iliği, kan hücreleri ve diğer hızlı çoğalan hücreleri içiren dokular üzerine de yan etkileri vardır. Böbrek hücrelerinin bölünme hızı yüksek olmamasına rağmen, yüksek kan akımı ile karşılaşması, medüller interstisyumda toksinleri konsantre etme yeteneği ve tübüler epitelde spesifik taşıyıcılara sahip olması nedeniyle toksik zedelenmeye oldukça duyarlıdır. Bu derlemede kanser tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçlara bağlı böbrek bozukluğunu ve nefrotoksisitesi en sık gözlenen kanser ilaçlarının nefrotoksik etki mekanizmalarını değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Antineoplastic drugs that destroy rapidly dividing tumor cell, but also destroy rapidly dividing normal cells. Thus most of antineoplastic drugs have unwanted efects on bone marrow, blood cells and the other tissue that contain rapidly dividing cells. Renal cells have low dividing rate, however they are highly sensitive to toxic damage, because high renal blood flow, capabilty of consantraiting toxin in medullary interstitium and spesific transporting proteins in tubuler epitelium. In this paper we aim to review renal impairment due to the drugs used in canser treatment and the mechanism of actio

A Deep Learning Model for Automated Segmentation of Fluorescence Cell images

Deep learning techniques bring together key advantages in biomedical image segmentation. They speed up the process, increase the reproducibility, and reduce the workload in segmentation and classification. Deep learning techniques can be used for analysing cell concentration, cell viability, as well as the size and form of each cell. In this study, we develop a deep learning model for automated segmentation of fluorescence cell images, and apply it to fluorescence images recorded with a home-built epi-fluorescence microscope. A deep neural network model based on U-Net architecture was built using a publicly available dataset of cell nuclei images [1]. A model accuracy of 97.3% was reached at the end of model training. Fluorescence cell images acquired with our home-built microscope were then segmented using the developed model. 141 of 151 cells in 5 images were successfully segmented, revealing a segmentation success rate of 93.4%. This deep learning model can be extended to the analysis of different cell types and cell viability

The Effect of Obturator Nerve Blockade on Oncological Outcomes of Patients with Lateral Wall Localized Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Objective:To investigate the effect of obturator nerve blockade on oncological outcomes of patients with a diagnosis of lateral wall localized non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Materials and Methods:One hundred six patients diagnosed with lateral wall localized non-invasive bladder cancer were evaluated between January 2015 and March 2020 in this retrospective, cross-sectional observational study. The patients were divided into two groups: patients receiving only spinal anesthesia and those receiving spinal anesthesia combined with ultrasound-guided obturator nerve blockade. Oncological outcomes of the groups were compared statistically.Results:We observed recurrent tumors in 25 patients (45.5%) in Group 1 and 11 patients (21.6%) in Group 2. Additionally, we observed tumor progression in eight patients (14.5%) in Group 1 and two patients (3.9%) in Group 2. We observed statistical significance in differences between groups regarding tumor size, recurrence rate, adequate muscle tissue sampling, ability for complete resection, and persistent obturator reflex. The efficacy rate of obturator blockade was 92.1% in Group 2. One-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 98.0% and 5-year RFS was 23.5% for Group 1, while for Group 2, they were 97.4% and 57.2%, respectively.Conclusion:The obturator reflex is a common and challenging reflex that may cause major complications and result in unintended consequences, such as incomplete resection or tumor recurrence with transurethral resection of bladder tumors. In this study, we demonstrated that combining spinal anesthesia with obturator nerve blockade for lateral wall localized non-muscle invasive bladder cancer may prevent tumor recurrence and reduce peroperative complications

Morbidly adherent placenta and cesarean section methods. A retrospective comparative multicentric study on two different skin and uterine incision

Objectives: Morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) is one of leading causes of maternal mortality, with an increasing rate because of repeated cesarean sections (CS). The primary objective of this study is to compare two techniques of skin and uterine incisions in patients with MAP, evaluating the maternal fetal impact of the two methods. Retrospective multicentric cohort study.Material and methods: A total of 116 women with MAP diagnosis were enrolled and divided in two groups. Group one, comprised of 81 patients, abdominal entry was performed by Pfannenstiel skin incision plus an upper transverse lower uterine segment (LUS) incision (transverse-transverse), which was 2–3 cm above the MAP border, with the uterus in the abdomen. In group two, comprised of 35 patients, abdominal entry was performed by an infra-umbilical midline abdominal incision, by vertical-vertical technique, and the pregnant uterus was incised by a midline incision (vertical) from the fundus till the border of the MAP. Total surgery time, blood loss, blood product consumption, total hospital stay, cosmetic outcomes, and postoperative complications were investigated.Results: Total time of surgery was significantly shorter in group 1 (p < 0.05). Intraoperative blood loss was higher in group 2. Difference between preoperative and postoperative Hb and Htc levels were 3.30 ± 1.04 and 12.99 ± 5.07 respectively (p = 0.012; p = 0.033). The use of erythrocyte suspension (ES), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and cryoprecipitate and thrombocyte suspension (TS) were found to be significantly lower in patients of group 1than vertical-vertical group (p = 0.008, p = 0.009, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). There was no difference in terms of total length of hospital stay between groups.Conclusions: In a subgroup of patients diagnosed for MAP, the transverse-transverse incision resulted in less bleeding, less blood and blood product use, and had better cosmetic results than vertical-vertical incision. Moreover, the total time of surgery, crucial for MAP patients, seems to be shorter also in transverse-transverse incision than in vertical-vertical incision