Androjen kişilik özelliklerinin otel işletmelerindeki yansımaları

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Androjeni literatürde "Kişinin biyolojik cinsiyeti ne olursa olsun; farklı koşullara uyum sağlamak amacıyla yeri geldiğinde kadına yeri geldiğinde de erkeğe atfedilen kişilik özelliklerini esnek olarak davranışlarına yansıttığı psikolojik cinsiyet rolü" olarak tanımlanmıştır. Ortaya koyulduğu 1970'li yıllardan itibaren androjeni hem psikoloji alanında hem de çalışma yaşamı ve yönetim alanında çalışmalar yapan araştırmacıların dikkatini çekmiştir. Kavramın çalışma ve yönetim alanıyla ilişkisini ele alan araştırmalar çoğunlukla androjeninin iş yaşamına katılan bireylerin benimseyebileceği ideal cinsiyet rolü olduğunu ifade etmiştir. Otel sektörü yapısı itibarıyla çok sayıda çalışma ortamını ve yönetim alanını bünyesinde bulundurmaktadır. Dolayısıyla otel sektörünün androjeni kavramı ile ilişkili olduğu göz ardı edilemeyecek bir durumdur. Öte yandan; otel sektörü ile androjeni arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çok sayıda araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Mevcut çalışmalar ise, androjen kişilik özelliklerinin otel işletmeleri ile ilişkisi ele alırken genellikle yönetim alanının sınırlarından dışarı çıkmamış veya androjen kişilik özelliklerini benimsemenin bireyler için psikolojik açıdan yararlı olacağını ifade etmişlerdir. Bu araştırma ile 5 ve 4 yıldızlı oteller işletmelerinin hem operasyonel(Ön büro, kat hizmetleri, servis) hem de yönetim alanında görev yapan çalışanların neden androjen kişilik özelliklerini sergilediklerini, androjen kişilik özelliklerinin hangi süreçler içerisinde sergilendiğini ve androjen kişilik özelliklerini sergilemenin çalışan ve yöneticiler açısından ne tür sonuçlar doğurduğunu ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır.Androgyny is defined as "the psychological sex role that personality traits attributed to women and men are reflected on behaviours flexibly in order to adapt different situations by the individuals regardless of the biological sex. Androgyny concept has called the attention of the researchers both studying on psychology and business management fields since 1970's. The studies discussing the relation between androgyny and business- management fields mostly point out that androgyny is an ideal sex role which can be adopted by the people taking place in work life. Hotel sector includes a great number of workplaces and management domains because of its character. Consequently, it is not possible to rule out the relation between hotel sector and androgyny. On the other hand, there are not many researches studying on the relation between androgyny and hotel sector. Current researches have not crossed the management line or expressed that adoption of androgynous personality traits were psychologically favourable. Via this study, it is aimed that why the employees participating in operational domain(reception, housekeeping, service) and management domain of five and four starred hotels in Ankara and Alanya, adopts androgynous personality traits, within which process androgynous behaviours are applied and what kind of results androgynous personality traits bring about for employees of operational and management domains

Lacrimal gland tumors in Turkey: types, frequency, and outcomes.

AIM: To evaluate the clinical, radiological, and treatment features of lacrimal gland tumors. METHODS: Retrospective review of 99 eyes of 92 patients with lacrimal gland tumors diagnosed and managed in a single institution between January 1999 and March 2017. Clinical and radiological features, histopathology, treatment methods, and prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 40.3 (range: 7-80)y. The diagnosis was made histopathologically in 91 (91.9%) tumors and on a clinical and radiological basis in 8 (8.1%) tumors. Final diagnoses included idiopathic orbital inflammation (pseudotumor) in 46 (46.5%) lesions, pleomorphic adenoma in 14 (14.1%), adenoid cystic carcinoma in 12 (12.1%), granulomatous inflammation in 10 (10.1%), lymphoma in 5 (5.0%), benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in 3 (3.0%), dacryops in 3 (3.0%), carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma in 2 (2.0%), adenocarcinoma in 1 (1.0%), dermoid cyst in 1 (1.0%), cavernous hemangioma in 1 (1.0%), and leukemic infiltration in 1 (1.0%). Non-epithelial tumors comprised 64.6% ( CONCLUSION: Overall, 65% of lacrimal gland tumors were of non-epithelial origin and 32% of epithelial origin. By histopathology and clinical evaluation, 79% of lacrimal gland tumors were benign. The most common lacrimal gland tumors include idiopathic orbital inflammation (46.5%), epithelial (32.3%), and lymphoproliferative (8.1%) lesions

Electroanalytical Characterization of Montelukast Sodium and Its Voltammetric Determination in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Biological Fluids

The electrochemical properties of montelukast sodium (MKST) at zinc oxide nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. All studies were based on the irreversible and adsorption-controlled electrochemical reduction signal of montelukast sodium at about -0.7 vs. Ag/AgCl at pH 2.3 in methanol-Britton-Robinson buffer mixture. This adsorptive character of the molecule was used to develop a novel, validated, rapid, selective and simple square wave cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammeric method for the direct determination of montelukast sodium in pharmaceutical and biological fluids without time-consuming steps prior to drug assay. Peak current of electrochemical reduction of montelukast sodium was found to vary linearly with the concentration in the range from 1.0 x 10(-8) to 1.28 x 10(-6) mol L-1. In this method, limit of detection was found to be 7.7 x 10(-9) mol L-1. The method was applied to determine the content of MKST tablet and spiked human serum.Namik Kemal UniversityNamik Kemal University [NKU BAP.00.10.YL.14.03]This work was supported by the Research Fund of the Namik Kemal University. Project No. NKU BAP.00.10.YL.14.03. The authors would like to thank to Prof Esma Kilic for her valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript

Breast hamartoma: a clinicopathologic analysis of 27 cases and a literature review

OBJECTIVES: Breast hamartoma is an uncommon breast tumor that accounts for approximately 4.8% of all benign breast masses. The pathogenesis is still poorly understood and breast hamartoma is not a well-known disorder, so its diagnosis is underestimated by clinicians and pathologists. This study was designed to present our experience with breast hamartoma, along with a literature review. METHOD: We reviewed the demographic data, pathologic analyses and imaging and results of patients diagnosed with breast hamartoma between December 2003 and September 2013. RESULTS: In total, 27 cases of breast hamartoma operated in the Ankara University Medicine Faculty's Department of General Surgery were included in the study. All patients were female and the mean age was 41.8±10.8 years. The mean tumor size was 3.9±2.7 cm. Breast ultrasound was performed on all patients before surgery. The most common additional lesion was epithelial hyperplasia (22.2%). Furthermore, lobular carcinoma in situ was identified in one case and invasive ductal carcinoma was observed in another case. Immunohistochemical staining revealed myoid hamartoma in one case (3.7%). CONCLUSION: Breast hamartomas are rare benign lesions that may be underdiagnosed because of the categorization of hamartomas as fibroadenomas by pathologists. Pathologic examinations can show variability from one case to another. Thus, the true incidence may be higher than the literature indicates

Post-traumatic stress disorder after terrorist attack in healthcare professionals

INTRODUCTION: On the date of 15 July 2016 a terrorist organization launched a terrorist attack using helicopters and heavy combat weapons in the city centers of Istanbul and Ankara simultaneously. Numerous civilian were hurt and many of them lost their lives during the attacks. Terrorism is a form of combat designed to cause the highest psychological influence on the masses. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most common psychological disorders after such disasters. The aim of this study is to determine the associated risk factors and PTSD rates in healthcare professionals who were on call during the 15 July 2016 terrorist attacks. METHOD: Since the hospital is in a neighbouring the street to where terror attacks occurred, all healthcare professionals ≥ 18 years of age who were on duty that night in the Dr. Ridvan Ege Training and Research Hospital and were auditory or visual witnesses of the event were included in the study as the first group while healthcare professionals who work in the same hospital but were not on duty that night were included as the control group. RESULTS: The mean post-traumatic diagnostic scale stress score of the control group was 11.87. The mean post-traumatic diagnostic scale stress score of the Group 1 was 21.91. There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of posttraumatic diagnostic scale stress score (p < 0.05). While the healthcare professionals on duty on July 15, 2016 (Group 1) had moderate-severe (21.91 ± 5.11) stress disorder, the healthcare professionals who were not at the hospital on July 15, 2016 (Control Group) had moderate stress disorder (11.87 ± 6.86). CONCLUSION: Our country is at risk from the fact that such attacks may be experienced again because of its unique conditions. The results of our work support the data on the high level of exposure to PTSD when exposed to a terrorist attack. For this reason, the identification of the characteristics of pre-traumatic health individuals at risk is useful in planning the presentation of preventive and curative health services. At the same time, there is a need for longer-term work and wider samples to reveal the psychological consequences of such attacks

Analysis Of Logit Model Of Car Ownership In Kocaeli

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Instıtute of Science and Technology, 20151000 kişi başına düşen otomobil sayısı olarak tanımlanan otomobil sahipliğinde, TÜİK verilerine göre Türkiye’de gözle görülür bir artış yaşanmaktadır. Ülkemizde özellikle ithal otomobillerin satışının serbest bırakılması, yeni otomobil fabrikalarının açılması, kişi başına düşen gelirin artması ve gelir dağılımındaki dengesizliğin azalma eğilimine girmesi ile otomobile olan talep doğrudan etkilenmiştir. Hayat standardını oluşturan bu etkilerin dışında yaşam kalitesini belirleyen faktörler de otomobil sahipliğini etkilemektedir. Kadının toplumsal hayattaki yeri, cinsiyet ayrımcılığı, özel hayata saygı, mutluluk, özgürlük, eşitlik, insan hakları, demokrasi gibi sayısal göstergelerle yakalanamayan, çok önemli kalitesel özellikler de yaşam kalitesi olarak otomobil sahipliğini etkilemektedir. Ancak bunlar ölçülemeyen faktörler  olduğundan, otomobil sahipliğini etkileyen gelir, ev sahipliği durumu, çalışan sayısı, eğitim durumu gibi ölçülebilen göstergelere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. İnsanlar bir çok etmenler sonucu otomobil alma kararı alır. Ancak bu karar tüm haneyi ilgilendirdiğinden otomobil sahipliğinde tüm hane bireylerinin göstergeleri dikkate alınmaktadır.  Tez çalışmasında öncelikle Türkiye’de otomobil sahipliğinin tarihsel gelişimi ve Türkiye’deki otomobil sahipliğinin diğer ülkelerle karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Uluslararası bir kuruluş olan Dünya Bankası’nın ülke göstergeleri incelenmiş ve bu göstergeler ile otomobil sahipliği arasındaki ilişki ortaya konulmuştur. Dünya’da otomobil sahipliği için yapılan model çalışmaları da incelenerek, ortaya konulan ortak göstergeler belirlenmiştir. Ülke ve bölge ekonomisinin gelişmesine sağladığı katkılarla Kocaeli, Türkiye’de ekonomik açıdan da büyük dinamizm sergilemektedir. Ayrıca Kocaeli’nin tarih boyunca İstanbul metropolüne olan yakın oluşundan Türkiye’nin en önemli sanayi, ticaret ve kültür merkezlerinden birisi olmuştur. Türkiye’nin sanayi bakımından gelişmiş kentlerinden olan, otomobil sahipliği artışı göz önünde tutulan ve kişi başına düşen gelir bakımından ülke sıralamasında 2. sırada olan Kocaeli ilinde otomobil sahipliği incelenmiş ve bu doğrultuda Kocaeli için model geliştirilmiştir.  Bu çalışma ile hanehalkı aile yapısına ve hanehalkının sosyoekonomik karakterine bağlı olarak otomobil sahipliği incelenmekle birlikte; 2010 yılında Kocaeli’de yapılan Hanehalkı Ulaşım Anketi çalışmasında elde edilen veriler kullanılarak lojit model tahmini, bağımsız değişkenler üretilerek yapılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında analiz birimi olarak hane seçilmiştir. Hane bazında literatür taramasından faydalanılarak oluşturulan ve çalışmada tahmin edilen modelde yer alabilecek, değişkenler belirlenmiştir. Bu değişkenler modelde yer alacakları şekle göre farklı durumlar için denenmiştir. Bu çalışmada Kocaeli ilinde, hanelerin otomobili olmaması, bir otomobili olması ve iki veya daha fazla otomobili olması arasındaki tercihleri modellenmiştir. Seçimde tercihler belirlenirken üç ve üzeri otomobil sahipliği ayrı bir tercih olarak katılmaya çalışılsa da bu durumdaki hanelerin %1’den az olması nedeniyle bu tercihten vazgeçilmiştir. Bu nedenle seçimde üç tercih üzerinden gidilmiştir. Bu tez ile Kocaeli’nin otomobil sahipliğini ortaya koyan bir model çıkarılmıştır.  Elde edilen sonuçlar hanehalkı yapısı ve sosyoekonomik faktörlerin hanedeki otomobil sahipliği kararını nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Otomobil sahipliği modelinin temel amaçlarından birisi, herhangi bir senaryo için tahmin yapabilmektir. Bu kapsamda bazı değişkenlerde, çeşitli senaryolar çerçevesinde, değişiklik olduğu varsayımları için ortaya çıkan durumlar incelenmiştir. Geliştirilen senaryolar ile de çeşitli değişkenlerin otomobil sahipliğini yıllar içerisinde nasıl etkileyeceği incelenmiştir. Değişkenlerdeki değişiklikler üç senaryo başlığında değerlendirilmiştir. Bunlar gelir senaryosu, üç değişkenin ayrı değiştiği senaryolar, ve birden fazla değişkenin ortak değiştiği senaryo olarak incelenmiştir. Kocaeli için oluştrulan modelin öngörü dönemi 2020, 2025, 2030 ve 2035 yıllarını kapsamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda otomobil sahipliğinin gelecek yıllar için nasıl şekilleneceği ve hangi durumlarda nasıl bir etkilenebileceğini gösteren bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Böylece, gelecekteki olumsuz etkilerin önüne geçilmesi ve sürdürülebilirlik çerçevesinde gerekli önlemlerin alınması açısından, Kocaeli’nin planlama karalarına fikir sağlayabilecek bir tez hazırlanmıştır.In the recent years, there is a noticable increase in car ownership which may be defined as the number of cars per 1000 individuals. In Turkey, througout the years occurrences such as freedom to buy imported vehicles, openning of new auto manufacturing plants, increases in per capita income and changes in the income distribution towards a balanced structure expanded the demand for car ownership. In addition to these effects that constitute the standard of living, the factors which determines the quality of life also affect the car ownership. Moreover, intangible issues such like the status of women in social life, gender discrimination, respect for private life, happiness, freedom, equality, human rights, democracy etc. that have vast importance in terms of quality of life also impact car ownership. However, for modelling car ownership, it has been needed to have the measurable data such as income and some others. Furthermore, since this decision concerns every person in a household, data from all the individuals in a household is required. Therefore, decisions affecting individual households to afford vehicle purchase expenses have been examined in this study with the name ‘variable’. As the beginning, the chronological development of car ownership in Turkey along with a comparison to other countries is analyzed. Indicators of World Bank for Turkey are investigated and the relation between these indicators and car ownership is shown. Different car ownership models in the literature are revieved and common indicators were determined. Due to its contributions to Turkey’s and local economy, Kocaeli exhibits a highly dynamic market. Furthermore, its close geographical location to Istanbul Metropolitan Area makes Kocaeli an important industrial, commercial and cultural region. Hence, Kocaeli is chosen to be analyzed in this thesis. In the recent years, Kocaeli, as one of the most industrialised cities of Turkey, has a significant trend of increase in the car ownership and is the second in terms of the income per capita in Turkey. Main aim of this study is investigating car ownership characteristics of Kocaeli and develop car ownership model for the city. In this study, several car ownership models available in the literature are first investigated, and the existence of a large number of significant parameters is observed. In addition to these parameters, other models that are recently developed and still being used are also investigated, and the parameters of these models are assumed as a basis for the current study. Based on the data used, car ownership models are grouped in two main categories as “aggregated” and “individual”. In “aggregated models”, aggregated data such as, average travel time between zones, average travel expenses, average income level of zones or average car ownership values of zones, are used. In “individual models”, travel preferences of households or individuals are used. Since individual models investigate individuals and intend to explain their personal preferences, these models are also called as "Behavioral Models”. In the current study, car ownership preferences in Kocaeli region are analyzed by using individual model approach. This approach uses several type of data, such as income, home ownership, existence of a significant figure for decision making in a family, etc., that also reflects the socio-economic status of the individuals or households. Car ownership of the households were examined by referring to the household structure and socio-economic character. The data were obtained from the Household Transportation Survey which was performed in 2010 in Kocaeli. A number of independent variables were either direcly extracted or constructed from this data. Throughout this study, the house is chosen as the unit of analysis. Based on the literature survey that is performed on house basis, parameters that are used in the model built in this thesis are determined. Furthermore, parametric studies for different sets of parameters performed. As a result Kocaeli car ownership model were determined with this study. Previously determined parameters are grouped in four main classes that are all related to specific data of households. These groups are demographic data, socio-economic status, ownership of driver’s license, and location data. Even though the parameters used in the model are usually used in car ownership models, the decision making process of car ownership is affected by many other parameters. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that these other parameters can be determined by the data gathered by detailed questionnaires. In this study, the car ownership preferences at Kocaeli region are modeled based on the number of cars per household. In other words, ownership preferences of no cars, a single car and two or more cars are modeled. Since the ownership of three or more cars is less than 1%, the modeling is focused on the ownership of no cars, a single car and two cars. In this study, household travel survey forms are initially examined in order to build the required data for the model. Investigation of the surveys revealed important household and personal characteristics of the individuals, such as gender, age, education, occupation etc., which are important parameters that could be determined based on the household information. During these investigations, the “head of the household” is separately studied, since this individual is described as the major source of income and being respected by the other members of the household. Hence, it is assumed that the head of the household has a significant effect on the decision of car ownership. As a result, this study reveals how household structure and socio-economics affect the decison of the household  for car ownership. One of the main goals of the car ownership model is to make predictions for any given scenario. Thus, results that arise in several scenarios are investigated by changing certain variables. With the development of the scenarios and about particular variables, the car ownership changes in the future could also be estimated. In the current study, the changes in parameters are studied under three main scenarios. As the first one, Income scenario involves the income growth rate to be as suggested by KUAP between the years 2020-2035. The second scenario that is named as Scenarios where three variables are changed separately involves the change of following dummy variables separately. These dummy variables are the number of household members to be more than 3, owner of the house, and the education status of the head of the household. Finally, the last scenario is called as Scenarios where multiple variables changes simultaneously, and the dummy variables that are changed simultaneously are the average household income, number of household members to be greater than 3, oldest age in the household, and the number of household members who have issued legal driver’s license.  The model, which is built for Kocaeli region, covers the periods 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035. Predictions of the status of car ownership for the coming years are made, and the conditions that could affect car ownership are revealed. Hence, a thesis that can guide the planning decisions of Kocaeli region is prepared, with the aim to predict and prevent unfavorable effects that can distract the growth of the region.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

Emotion Socialization's Contribution to Variance of Children's Observed Behavior Problems

Aile içi etkileşimler ve çocuğun duygusal-davranışsal gelişimi bir ilişki zincirinden çok, birbirini etkileyen bir ilişki sarmalıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı bugüne kadar ikili ilişkiler olarak ele alınan söz konusu değişkenleri daha geniş bir yelpazede ele alarak ulusal yazın için yeni sayılabilecek duygu sosyalleştirme olgusunun çocuklarda gözlenen davranış sorunlarına katkısını incelemektir. Bu bağlamda, anne eğitim düzeyi ve anne-baba çatışmasında kendini suçlama algısı ile çocukların davranış sorunları arasındaki ilişkilerde annelerin olumsuz duygu sosyalleştirme tepkilerinin aracı rolünün test edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Yaşları 9 ile 13 arasında değişen 267 çocuk ve bu çocukların anne ve öğretmenlerinin katılımı ile gerçekleşen çalışmada veriler, demografik bilgi formu, Çocuğun Evlilik Çatışması Algısı Ölçeği (ÇEÇAÖ), Çocuğun Olumsuz Duygularıyla Başa Çıkma Ölçeği (ÇODBÇÖ), Conners Ebeveyn Derecelendirme Ölçeği Kısa Form (CEDÖ-27) ve Conners Öğretmen Derecelendirme Ölçeği Kısa Form (CÖDÖ-28) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, annelerin olumsuz duygu sosyalleştirme tepkilerinin, çocuğun davranış sorunları ile anne eğitim düzeyi arasındaki ilişkide tam; çocuğun davranış sorunları ile anne-baba çatışmasında kendini suçlama algısı arasındaki ilişkide ise kısmi aracı rolüne işaret etmektedir. Sonuçlar bağlamında anne eğitim düzeyinin, bu çalışmada duygu sosyalleştirme yaklaşımlarıyla temsil edilen anne-çocuk ilişkisini etkileyerek, çocukta davranış sorunları oluşumuna katkıda bulunduğu, öte yandan anne-baba arasında yaşanan yoğun çatışmalardan kendini sorumlu tutan çocuğun, annelerin olumsuz duygu sosyalleştirme tepkileri aracılığı ile davranış sorunları geliştirdiği söylenebilir.Intra-familial interactions and child's emotional and behavioral development is a relationship helix that affects each other, rather than a relationship chain. The aim of this study is to assess the contribution of the concept of emotion socialization, which ranks as new for the national literature, to children's observed behavior problems by approaching variables addressed mostly as dual associations before. In this context, it is aimed to test mediating role of negative maternal emotion socialization on the relationships between children's behavior problems, and mothers' education status and self-blame appraisals about parental conflict. Data was collected from 267 children whose ages were between 9-13, as well as their mothers and teachers by using Demographic Form, Children' s Perception of Marital Conflict (CPIC), Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale, Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Short Form and Conners' Teacher Raiting Scale-Short Form. Results suggest that while the relationship between children's behavior problems and self-blame appraisals about parental conflict is partially mediated by maternal negative emotion socialization, the relationship between children's behavior problems and mothers' education status is fully mediated by maternal negative emotion socialization. In the context of these results, it can be said that mothers' education status contributes to the development of children's behavior problems by affecting mother-child interactions represented as emotion socialization approaches in this study. In addition to this, the child who blames him/herself about intense parental conflict evolves behavior problems through mother's negative emotion socializatio

Do the Well Known Prognostic Parameters in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Really Reflect Survival?

Objective: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive tumor with short survival. In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of well-known prognostic parameters on survival in these tumors. Material and Method: A total of 56 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cases diagnosed between 2005 and 2014 were included in the study. Survival data were obtained and histopathological parameters were re-evaluated in each patient. Results: Tumor size (p=0.029), mitotic count (p=0.030), lymph node metastasis (p=0.003), metastatic lymph node ratio (p<0.001) and ampullary invasion (p=0.044) had a statistically significant relationship with survival. However, there was no relationship between survival and tumor grade, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, and peripancreatic soft tissue invasion. Conclusion: Our results showed that existent 2010 WHO pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma grading parameters excluding mitotic count are subjective and not applicable. Considering that almost all of the tumors in our series were larger than 2 cm, we think that the 2 cm cut-off in tumor size is insufficient to make the tumor stage pT2. Peripancreatic soft tissue invasion, which is a common finding in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, should also not be assessed like adjacent tissue invasion and make the tumor reach pT3 stage independent of tumor size. It is clear that the existent WHO tumor grading and pT staging parameters need to be revised and the mitotic count, which correlates with survival, should be presented in pathology reports