Temporal change of annual rainfall in Büyük Menderes basin

Bu çalışmada, Büyük Menderes havzasında gerek DMİ (Devlet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü) gerekse de DSİ (Devlet Su İşleri) tarafından işletilen onaltı istasyonda kaydedilen uzun dönemli yıllık toplam yağış serilerinin zamansal değişimleri Mann-Kendall testi ile sınanmıştır. Zamansal eğilimlerin eğimleri ise Sen'in eğim testi ile belirlenmiştir. Seri korelasyon içeren zaman serilerine TFPW (Trend-Free Prewhitening) yöntemi uygulanmış; eğilimlerin yönlerinin istasyonlar arasındaki homojenliği ise Van Belle ve Hughes testi kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, iki istasyonda artan yönde, diğer istasyonlarda ise azalan yönde eğilim olduğu saptanmıştır. Sadece bir istasyondaki azalan yöndeki eğilimin %5 düzeyinde istatistiksel olarak önemli olduğu bulunmuştur. DSİ istasyonlarındaki yağış eğilimlerinin, DMİ istasyonları ile uyumlu olduğu belirlenmiştir. İstasyonlardaki azalan yöndeki eğilimlerin havza bazında homojen olduğu saptanmıştır. İklim değişikliği sonucunda yağışlardaki azalmaya bağlı olarak temiz su kaynaklarındaki daralmanın yanında, kentsel, endüstriyel ve tarımsal su talebindeki artışın, temiz su kaynakları üzerindeki baskıyı arttırması beklenmektedir. Beklenen su kıtlığı ile mücadelede arıtılmış atıksuların, özellikle tarımsal sulamada yeniden kullanılması önemli bir fırsat yaratabilir. Böylece, su kullanıcıları arasındaki rekabet hafifletilerek, endüstriyel ve kentsel tüketim için daha fazla temiz su ayrılabilir.In this study, it was aimed to investigate long-term trends of annual precpitation data recorded in sixteen stations operated by DMİ (Turkish State Meteorological Service) and DSİ (State Hydraulics Works) in Büyük Menderes Basin (Turkey) using Mann-Kendall test with TFPW (Trend-Free Prewhitening) procedure that eliminates the serial correlation for time series containing serial correlation. The slopes of trends were determinded by Sen's Slope Estimator. Homogeneity of trends among stations was tested using Van Belle and Hughes test. The results showed that total annual rainfall increased at only two stations, while decreased at other stations. However, the trend at only one station is statistically significant at 5% level. Temporal patterns of DSİ-stations were found to be consistent with those of DMİ-stations. Decreasing trends among the stations was found to be homogeneous. It is expected that demand on fresh water resources will increase due to decreasing rainfall as a consequence of climate change, together with domestic, industrial and agricultural water use. To cope with the expected water scarcity in the basin, reuse of treated wastewaters, especially in agriculture, may provide an important opportunity. Hence, this may alleviate the competition among water users, and fresh water resources can be allocated to domestic and industrial use

Examination of decision-making styles of Turkish Basketball Federation referees Türkiye Basketbol Federasyonu klasman hakemlerinin karar verme stillerinin incelenmesi

The current study focused on decision-making styles of basketball classification referees under Turkish Basketball Federation. In the study; “Personal Information Form” designed by the researchers and “Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire” developed by Mann et al. (1998) and adapted into Turkish by Deniz et al. (2004) that explore decision-making styles were employed.  Decision-making styles of the participant referees were compared in terms of sex, age, refereeing duration, province, average number of matches conducted during the season, whether or not being affected by spectator pressure, education, perceived economic income and marital status. The population of the study was composed of a total of 251 basketball classification referees (31 female referees and 220 male referees) under TBF (2015-2016 Season). The sample was consisted of a total of 197 basketball classification referees who volunteered to join the study (25 female referees and 172 male referees). As a result; vigilance decision-making of the basketball classification referees who worked under TBF decreased as their educational status increased. It was identified that those basketball classification referees who were married used buck-passing, procrastination and hyper-vigilance decision-making styles more than those who were single. It may be argued that as age increased, basketball classification referees preferred hyper-vigilance decision-making styles.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetBu çalışma, Türkiye Basketbol Federasyonu (TBF) bünyesindeki, basketbol klasman hakemlerinin karar verme stillerinin incelenmesine odaklanmıştır. Araştırmada, araştırmacıların geliştirdiği “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ve karar verme stillerini belirlemek için Mann ve diğerleri (1998), tarafından geliştirilmiş olan ve Deniz (2004) tarafından Türkçe uyarlaması yapılan “Melbourne Karar Verme Stilleri Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların karar verme stilleri, cinsiyet, yaş, hakemlik yılı, il, sezonda yönettiği ortalama maç sayısı, seyirci baskısından etkilenip-etkilenmeme, eğitim, algılanan ekonomik gelir ve medeni durumları açılarından mukayese edilmiştir. Araştırmanın evrenini TBF’na bağlı olarak görev yapan (2015-2016 Sezonu), 31’i kadın, 220’si erkek olmak üzere toplam 251 klasman hakeminden oluşmaktadır. Örneklem ise, genel evren içerisinden çalışmamıza gönüllü olarak katılmayı kabul eden 25’i kadın,172’si erkek klasman hakem olmak üzere genel toplamda 197 basketbol klasman hakeminden oluşmuştur. Sonuç olarak; TBF’na bağlı olarak klasman statüde görev yapan hakemleri n, eğitim seviyelerinin yükseldikçe, dikkatli karar verme alt boyutunda azalma olduğunu, evli olan katılımcıların, bekâr olan katılımcılara oranla daha çok kaçıngan, erteleyici ve panik karar verme stilini kullandıklarını, yaşın ilerlemesine bağlı olarak kaçıngan karar verme stilini tercih ettikleri söylenebilir

Performance benchmarking in irrigation and drainage systems

Due to the rapid growth in world population, increasing numbers of people especially those who are living in arid and semi-arid regions are suffering from shortage of water and food, and this is the driving force for improving irrigation and drainage systems’ efficiency. As irrigated agriculture is a consumer for over 75% of world fresh water supplies, using the water allocated to the agricultural sector more efficient and then releasing the surplus of water for other sectors’ use seems to be the only solution for coping with water scarcity. Irrigation and drainage infrastructure is the indispensable element of irrigated agriculture. The level of irrigation and drainage services maintained in the irrigation area is directly affecting the quantity of crop production. Improving irrigation system efficiency / performance in aspects of Management - Operation - Maintenance (MOM) tasks has become a major concern for stakeholders and system managers, but monitoring and evaluating the performance of irrigation systems by using performance indicators have been a major concern for the researchers in this area. The term “Irrigation system performance evaluation” refers to what extent the targets and objectives have been achieved. Benchmarking implies comparison either internally with previous performance and desired future targets, or externally against similar organizations, or organizations performing similar functions. The overall aim of benchmarking is to improve the performance of an organization as measured against its mission and objectives. This paper emphasizes on the concept of benchmarking and its applications in irrigation and drainage systems

Effect of different water stress on the yield and yield components of second crop corn in semiarid climate

The response of second crop corn (Zea mays L.) to different irrigation treatments in a semi arid climate was carried out in the field during the 2003 and 2004 growing season. Water stress was created at different development stages: early vegetative, vegetative, before tasseling, after tasseling, milk stage and after milk in order to determine the effect of irrigation treatments on vegetative growth, grain yield and yield components of corn. The effect of water stress at any stage of development on plant height, dry matter accumulation, kernel weight, kernel number per ear, ear length and ear diameter were studied. A rainfed (non-irrigated) treatment and 9 deficit irrigation treatments were applied to the Pioneer 3394 corn hybrid on a loam soil with 3 replications. Water stress significantly affected the corn grain yield. and yield components. The grain yield increased with irrigation water amount, and the highest average grain yield (11160 kg ha-1) were obtained from the well irrigated treatment (K1). Seasonal evapotranspiration increased with increased amounts of irrigation water applied. The highest seasonal ET (average of 650 mm) was determined at the (K1) treatment. Water stress occurring during vegetative and tasselling stages reduced plant height. Total dry matter (DM) accumulation was accelerated after each irrigation application. Yield response factor (ky) value of 1.02 were determined based on averages of two years. Significant linear relations were found for grain yield and seasonal evapotranspiration (ET). It is concluded that well irrigated treatment (K1) could be used for the semiarid climatic conditions under no water shortage. In the case of more restricted irrigation, the limitation of irrigation water at the vegetative and tasselling stages should be avoided to maintain satisfactory growth

Quality control and homogeneity of annual precipitation data in Büyük Menderes Basin, Turkey

Precipitation is one of the most impotant climatic factors affecting agricultural production. Knowledge about spatial variability of precipitation amount over an agricultural area, its temporal change not only throughout a year but also over long-term span, start, end and length of rainy period, risk of wet and dry periods would be needed for appropriate agricultural planning and water management issues. However, analysis of long-term precipitation data for various purposes to be accurate, precipitation data must be homogeneous. It is defined that, as for other climatic time series, a homogeneous precipitation time series is to be affected by only natural weather and climatic conditions. Non-climatological factors such as changes in instrument, relocation of station, changes in observation practices make any climatic time series inhomogeneous. In this study, a quality control process involving outlier trimming and homogeneity checking were applied to 20 annual precipitation time series of various lenghts in Buyuk Menderes Basin, Turkey. Homogeneity analysis were performed using the Pettitt test and the Buishand range test. The results of the tests showed that 8 out of 20 stations can be considered to be inhomogeneous whose change points were found to be significant at 5% level by either one or both tests

Determination of crop water stress index (CWSI) of second crop corn in a semiarid climate

This study was carried out to determine the relationship between the canopy-air temperature differential and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), which can be used to quantify the crop water stress index (CWSI) under fully irrigated ( 100 %) and maximum water stress (0 %) conditions of furrow irrigated corn. The effects of five different irrigation levels (100, 70, 50, 30 and 0 % replenishment of soil water depleted from the 0.90 m soil profile depth) on corn yields and the resulting CWSI were investigated. The highest yield and total water use were obtained under fully irrigated corn plots (100 % replenishment of soil water depleted). The trends in CWSI values were consistent with the soil water content induced by deficit irrigation. CWSI increased with increased soil water deficit. An average CWSI of 0.22 before irrigation time provided the highest grain corn yield. The yield was directly correlated with seasonal mean CWSI values and a second order polynomial equation “Y = 59258CWSI2 -72051CWSI +24060” can be used to predict the grain yield of corn as a second crop under the semiarid climate

Osmanlı kentlerinde 19. yüzyıldaki dönüşümler: İstanbul, Büyükdere örneği

Büyükdere, Boğaz’ın Karadeniz girişindeki ilk, en büyük ve derin limanlardan biri olmasıyla birlikte, doğal çevresiyle Antik Dönem’den beri hem yerleşim hem de gezinti alanı olarak önemli bir bölge olmuştur. Özellikle 18. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında elçilik yazlıklarının buraya taşınması ile başlayan süreçte kozmopolit yapısıyla Büyükdere, adeta Pera’nın bir uzantısı, sayfiyesi gibi olmuştur. 19. yüzyılda pek çok farklı alanda yaşanan değişimin bir arada okunabildiği yerleşim, hem sayfiye olmasının getirdiği turizm gibi faktörlerde hem de sanayileşme sürecinde önemli bir noktayı oluşturmaktadır. Büyükdere’den Sarıyer’e uzanan Piyasa Caddesi, değişen yaşam şeklinin bir göstergesi olup, rıhtımın sosyal yaşama ayrılmış olması diğer Boğaziçi yerleşimlerinden Büyükdere’yi ayırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Büyükdere’nin 18. yüzyıldan başlayan değişim süreci ve etkenleri incelenmiş, yerleşimde 19. yüzyılda yaşanan kentsel dönüşümler ortaya konulmuştur.Büyükdere is one of the first, largest and deepest bays at the Black Sea end of the Bosphorus. With its natural environment, it has been an important area both as a settlement and a promenade since ancient times. With the location of foreign missions' summer houses there in the second half on the 18th century, Büyükdere became an extension-a suburb- of Pera with its cosmopolitan structure. The settlement, which experienced a multi-dimensional transformation through the 19th century, presents a case of gentrification in terms of both tourism and industrial development. Piyasa Caddesi extending from Büyükdere to Sarıyer is an indicator of the changing lifestyle, and the allocation of the quay as a social recreation area distinguishes Büyükdere from other Bosphorus settlements. This article examines the urban transformation of Büyükdere in the 18th and 19th centuries by taking into account various factors of this transformation.No sponso

Tarihi kırsal peyzajlarda ilişki ağları: Antalya, Elmalı, Özdemir (Gilevgi) köyü

International Mountain and Ecology Congress Within the Framework of Sustainable Development (3. 2022: Trabzon, Türkiye)Kırsal alanlarda doğal koşullar geçim kaynağını belirler ve insanlar coğrafyanın tüm potansiyelini kullanmak için sürekli hareket halindedir. Farklı alanlarla ilişki kurarak doğal alanları şekillendirirler. Tarihi kırsal peyzajlar, geçmişten günümüze insanların yerle kurdukları ilişkiyi göstermektedir. Bu alanları oluşturan, kullanan ve zaman içinde dönüştüren sosyal yapıların, ekonomik, üretim ve kültürel organizasyonların somut örnekleridir. İnsanın doğa ile olan bu yoğun ilişkisi, sosyo-kültürel, ekonomik ve fiziksel yapıların birbiriyle farklı etkileşimi sonucunda farklı yerel kimliklerin oluştuğu yerleşim özelliğini ortaya çıkarır. Çok katmanlı değerlere sahip olan ve hızla yok olan bu alanların belgelenmesi ve korunması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Antalya ili Elmalı ilçesi kırsal alanı, Teke Yaylası olarak adlandırılan Toros Dağları üzerinde yaklaşık 1100 m yükseklikte yer almakta ve birçok tarihi kırsal peyzaj özelliğini barındırmaktadır. Çöküntü ovalarında tarım yapılırken, dağlar yayla olarak kullanılmakta ve tarih boyunca üretim farklı kotlarda devam etmektedir. Elmalı kırsal yerleşmeleri hem kendi yakın çevresi içinde hem de diğer yerleşmelerle yoğun bir ilişki içindedir. Bu bağlamda tüm bu ilişki ağı belirlenmiş ve Elmalı Ovası'nın bir parçası olan Müren Ovası ile Bey Dağları'nın Elmalı yönüne bakan yamacında yer alan Özdemir (Gilevgi) köyü üzerinde örnek bir dijital belgeleme çalışması yapılmıştır. Elmalı-Korkuteli sınırında yer alan, bahçeleri/bağları, yaylaları, meraları ve kırsal/yerel mimari örnekleriyle bu kırsal alandaki ilişki ağı ortaya koyulmuştur. Günümüzde herhangi bir koruma çalışmasının yapılmadığı bu köy, kırsal alanlarda tarihsel katmanlaşmanın ve farklı alanlarla olan ilişkisinin gözlemlenebildiği örneklerden biridir.In rural areas, natural conditions determine the livelihood and people are constantly on the move to use the full potential of geography. They shape the natural sites by establishing relationships with different areas. Historic rural landscapes show the relationship that people have established with the place from the past to the present. They are concrete examples of social structures, economic production and cultural organizations that create, use and transform these areas over time. This intense relationship of human with nature reveals the characteristics of a settlement where different local identities are formed as a result of the different interaction of socio-cultural, economic and physical structures with each other. It is of great importance to document and preserve these areas, which have multi-layered values and are rapidly disappearing. The rural area of Elmalı district of Antalya is located at an altitude of approximately 1100 m on Taurus Mountains called Teke Highland and bears many historic rural landscape features. While agriculture is carried out in the depression plains, the mountains are used as highland/ plateaus and production continues in different levels through out the history. Elmalı rural settlements have an intense relationship both within their own nearby surroundings and with other settlements. In this context, all this relation network was determined and an exemplary digital documentation study was carried out Müren Plain which is a part of Elmalı Plain and on Özdemir (Gilevgi) village, which is located on the slope of the Bey Mountains facing Elmalı direction. The relation network in this rural area which is located on Elmalı-Korkuteli border, with its gardens/vineyards, highland/ plateaus, pastures and examples of rural/vernacular architecture has been revealed. This village, where no conservation study has been carried out today, is one of the examples where historical stratification in rural areas and the relationship with different areas can be observed.No sponso

Kojic Acid Derivatives As Potential Anticancer Agents: Synthesis And Cytotoxic Evaluation On A375 Human Malignant Melanoma Cells

Malignant melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer with high mortality rates, arising from melanocytic cells responsible for the pigmentation of the skin. Besides, the excessive accumulation of melanin pigment can lead to many other hyperpigmentation disorders. Kojic acid is used as a skin lightening agent of medicinal and cosmetic products used in hyperpigmentation and sunburn cases. In the present study, substituted halogen containing benzylpiperazine derivatives of kojic acid (compounds 1-9) were synthesized via Mannich reaction in mild conditions. Afterwards, the cyclic amine derivatives (compounds 10-26) were obtained as a result of nucleophilic substitutions. Cytotoxic effects of all the compounds on A375 human malignant melanoma cell lines were explored by sulphorhodamine B assay and efficacies has been compared to those of anticancer FDA-approved drugs dacarbazine, temozolomide, and lenalidomide, currently used in the treatment of malignant melanoma. Also, the most active two compounds were also tested on healthy cell lines (HGF-1 and MRC-5 cell lines). These compounds have shown highest activity (IC50: 71.27 for compound 9 and 73.74 mu M for compound 1) than temozolomide (IC50: 95.6 mu M) and lenalidomide (IC50: 143.1 mu M) against A375 cells though giving less harm to non-cancerous cell lines. In conclusion, these compounds stand out as promising anticancer agents for further studies.WoSScopu