Are You Numb Yet?

Background: Recent research has suggested that after a spinal cord injury (SCI), detrimental reorganization of neural structures favors stronger muscles while inhibiting weaker muscles. Temporary deafferentation (TD) is a technique that uses short-term anesthesia, to inactivate sensation pathways from stronger muscles so that the brain releases inhibition that was placed on weaker muscles, thereby strengthening them. Here, we seek to evaluate when peak TD is achieved to define when strength-building exercises on a weaker muscle should begin. Methods: 5% lidocaine cream was applied to the right biceps of 7 healthy volunteers. We measured sensation every 15 minutes after applying the cream using von Frey monofilaments of different thicknesses. Sensation was assessed for 75 minutes. Percent sensitivity was assessed across time. Results: We found that at 45 minutes after the application of the short-term anesthesia, at least 50% of the monofilaments had less than 50% sensitivity. Our results suggest that 45 minutes is required to achieve maximum temporary deafferentation after lidocaine cream application. Hence, our protocol could be used in patients with a spinal cord injury to improve triceps function since TD reduces output to the biceps. Conclusions: Our results suggest that most sensation was significantly reduced 45 minutes after the application of the lidocaine cream. However, we found that the anesthetic effect varied in our subjects. Future research will evaluate how the arm size, gender, age, body fat percentage, BMI, and other factors influence the effect of short-term anesthesia

The Effectiveness of Temporary Deafferentation for Upper Limb Rehabilitation

Background: Temporary deafferentation (TD) is an approach that has been investigated in rehabilitation practices to improve motor function in people with spinal cord injuries. The overall goal of temporary deafferentation is to voluntarily reduce sensory input into the nervous system to improve efferent output. Temporary deafferentation is typically achieved using either topical or injectable anesthetics. Recently, our group sought to optimize a protocol for temporary deafferentation using topical anesthetic cream, and results suggested that temporary deafferentation was achieved 50 minutes after anesthetic cream application. Here, we aimed to determine if our optimized protocol impacted limb electromyography (EMG) after the intervention. We focused our study on the biceps and triceps muscles, due to future implementation in populations with upper limb motor disabilities. Method: Twenty healthy subjects were recruited to participate in a single-session study. Using LabChart, subjects\u27 electromyography (EMG; root-mean-square) of the biceps and triceps were assessed before and after intervention with temporary deafferentation and task training. Temporary deafferentation was achieved by applying 10 cc anesthetic cream to the subject’s right biceps for 50 minutes. Following temporary deafferentation, the subject completed 30 minutes of mild-to-moderate upper limb training tasks with their right arm. Results: An ANOVA to test the main effect of the intervention revealed that healthy participants’ triceps muscles excitability significantly decreased by a small to medium effect size, d = .31, F(1, 329) = 7.66, p \u3c .01. Descriptive analysis showed five out of twenty participants did improve after the intervention (d = .24), and fifteen did not (d = .49). Whether the intervention influenced triceps muscles excitability depended on participants, X2 = 352, p 1, BMI2, fat percentage3, and arm width4, p \u3c .001, including Male gender5, p \u3c .02. X2 = 179.191, 3522,3,4, 5.705. Conclusion: Results show the intervention improved triceps muscle excitability for selected healthy participants. Preliminary findings suggest the protocol’s ability to accelerate rehabilitative outcomes for people with upper limb motor disabilities, which will be examined in the next phase of the study; additionally, we aim to specify the main effect of TD, separating the task training effects

Evaluación de la sustentabilidad de sistemas de producción campesinos en la vereda el mesón, municipio de palmira

Utilizando la metodología Marco para la Evaluación de Sistemas de Manejo integrando Indicadores de Sustentabilidad (MESMIS), se evaluó la sustentabilidad de 21 sistemas de producción de los campesinos pertenecientes a la Asociación Agropecuaria ASOAGROCAM “Asociación Agropecuaria de Campesinos de la Vereda el Mesón”, del Municipio de Palmira. Se consideraron los atributos productividad, estabilidad, confiabilidad, resiliencia, adaptabilidad, equidad, autogestión y ciudadanía ambiental en cada sistema de producción. Se encontró que predomina el sistema de manejo transición a agroecológico (5), seguido por el agroecológico (16). La sustentabilidad de los sistemas de producción requiere del apoyo decidido por parte de los tomadores de decisiones locales en la promoción de la comercialización de los productos campesinos. Se concluye que la productividad en los sistemas de producción en ASOAGROCAM, depende en gran medida de los productos destinados a autoconsumo y de la generación de autoempleo. La rentabilidad se ve limitada por la falta de espacios de comercialización de productos agroecologicos, lo cual disminuye la generación de ingresos de las familias campesinas.Using the Framework for the Evaluation Methodology Management Systems integrating Sustainability Indicators (MESMIS), sustainability of production systems 21 farmers belonging to the Agricultural Association ASOAGROCAM “Peasant Farming Association of Vereda Mesón " was evaluated , the municipality of Palmira . Attributes productivity, stability , reliability, resilience , adaptability , equity, self-management and environmental citizenship in each production system were considered . It was found that the management system transition to agroecological (5) , followed by the agroecological (16 ) predominates . The sustainability of production systems requires strong support by local decision-makers in promoting the marketing of farmers produce. We conclude that productivity in ASOAGROCAM production systems depends heavily on the products for consumption and generation of self-employment. The performance is limited by the lack of spaces agroecological marketing products, which reduces the income generation of rural families

Miradas colectivas del departamento de Nariño, municipios de Pasto e Ipiales

La familia es, y ha sido siempre, el lugar donde los niños aprenden y adquieren sus primeras nociones de la vida donde se fortalece la integridad y desarrollo del ser humano. Ofreciéndole las herramientas necesarias para que la persona se desenvuelva de la mejor manera dentro de la sociedad y es a través de ella que se van integrando en la comunidad a la que pertenecen, Desde su origen, la familia tiene varias funciones que podríamos llamar universales, tales como: reproducción, protección, la posibilidad de socializar, control social, determinación del estatus para el niño y canalización de afectos, entre otras. La forma de desempeñar estas funciones variará de acuerdo a la sociedad en la cual se encuentre el grupo familiar. (Pérez, Lo Presti). Después de haber observado lo anterior hemos desarrollado una propuesta la cual consiste en el proceso de conceptualización que se inicia con la observación de las diferentes problemáticas existentes en los diferentes contextos intervenidos por los integrantes del grupo colaborativo y culmina con el diseño de propuestas de acompañamiento para dichas comunidades. Los objetivos de esta propuesta es la de contribuir en la disminución de estas problemáticas para que la familia, la comunidad, logren tener un clima cálido y un ambiente sano donde todos los miembros de la familia se sientan a gusto y puedan desarrollarse como verdaderos seres humanos. La importancia de la metodología utilizada, investigación acción participativa, para el desarrollo de las diferentes propuestas ha contribuido a que sean los propios actores sociales los que identifiquen las problemáticas que más incidencia tienen en sus comunidades, reconociendo sus causas y consecuencias y también que generen posibles alternativas de solución, convirtiéndose de esta manera en agentes activos y directos de la investigación como propósito principal para lograr los objetivos propuestos. El ambiente donde se desarrollan los individuos es clave para la formación de su personalidad y para fortalecer sus habilidades y capacidades como la resolución de conflictos, toma de decisiones, autoestima, que influyen en el cambio y en su desarrollo cognitivo, moral y relacional, Bronfenbrenner (1987). Por tanto es importante el aspecto contextual del desarrollo humano, puesto que es en un espacio donde se realizan estas clases de intervenciones donde las problemáticas identificadas deben solucionarse a través de una responsabilidad compartida entre educadores, padres de familia y entes gubernamentales para lograr los objetivos que es proporcionar a las personas espacios de sana convivencia para un mejor vivir.The family is, and has always been, the place where children learn and acquire their first notions of life where the integration and development of the human being is strengthened. Offering the necessary tools for the person to develop in the best way within society and it is through it that they integrate into the community to which they belong. From its origin, the family has several functions that can be called universal, Stories Such as: reproduction, protection, the possibility of socializing, social control, determination of status for the child and channeling of affections, among others. The way these functions are performed varies according to the society in which the family group is located. (Pérez, Lo Presti). After observing the above we have developed a proposal which consists of the conceptualization process that begins with the observation of the different problems in the different contexts intervened by the members of the collaborative group and culminates with the design of proposals of accompaniment for Tales Communities. The objectives of this proposal are to help in reducing these problems for the family, the community, the achievements have a warm climate and a healthy environment where all family members feel a taste and developed as true human beings . The importance of the methodology used, the research of participatory action, for the development of the different proposals has contributed to the social actors themselves identifying the problems that most affect their communities, recognizing their causes and consequences and also Generate possible solutions Alternatives, thus becoming active agents and directors of research as the main purpose to achieve the proposed objectives. The environment in which individuals develop is key to the formation of their personality and to strengthen their abilities and abilities as the resolution of conflicts, decision making, self-esteem, that influence change and their cognitive, moral and relational development, Bronfenbrenner (1987). Therefore, the contextual aspect of human development is important, since it is in a space where these kinds of interventions are carried out where the problems identified are solved through a shared responsibility between educators, parents and government entities to achieve the objectives that It is to provide people with spaces of healthy coexistence for a better life

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamentos del Valle y el Cauca.

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamentos del Valle y el Cauca.Como parte del desarrollo de la fase 4 del Diplomado de Profundización de Acompañamiento Psicosocial en Escenarios de Violencia como opción de grado del programa de Psicología de la Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, UNAD, se presenta la evidencia del desarrollo sistemático del proceso reflexivo y analítico de la problemática de desplazamiento forzoso o violencia, afrontado por diferentes familias mediante relatos verídicos en diferentes territorios en donde se puede observar la forma en que han sido vulnerados sus derechos y los efectos de los mismos en su vida. Como proceso educativo, se proponen a continuación estrategias de apoyo desde la formación profesional como Psicólogos, con el fin de suavizar esta problemática identificando también como parte de este proceso, el apoyo psicosocial que el profesional debe asumir con acciones de tipo individual o grupal para mitigar la crisis dada, sea ésta causada por dolor, torturas, perdidas etc. Se evidencian las destrezas adquiridas en el desarrollo de la entrevista, mediante el dominio de preguntas circulares, estratégicas y reflexivas. Finalizando este proceso, el uso de la herramienta narrativa “foto voz” hace presencia dentro del proceso educativo como una herramienta de investigación-acción participativa mediante la cual, podemos ayudar a la víctima a expresar lo que no puede por sí mismo.Accompaniment in Scenarios of Violence as an option for the degree in Psychology at the National Open and Distance University, there is evidence of the systematic development of the reflexive and analytical process of the problem of forced displacement or violence, faced by different families through true stories in different territories where you can observe the way in which their rights have been violated and their effects on their lives. As an educational process, the following strategies are proposed to support professional training as psychologists, in order to mitigate this problem by identifying as part of this process, the psychosocial support that the professional must assume with individual or group actions to mitigate the crisis given, whether caused by pain, torture, loss, etc... The skills acquired in the development of the interview are evidenced through the mastery of circular, strategic and reflexive questions. At the end of this process, the use of the narrative tool "photo voice" is present within the educational process as a participatory action-research tool through which we can help the victim to express what he or she cannot by himself or herself

Evaluating the impact of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum ITEM 3636 on indigenous microbial communities from field soils

To investigate the impact of inoculating peanut seeds with the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum ITEM 3636 on the structure of bacterial and fungal communities from agricultural soils. Methods and Results: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of amplicons (or marker gene amplification metagenomics) were performed to investigate potential changes in the structure of microbial communities from fields located in a peanut-producing area in the province of Córdoba, Argentina. Fields had history of peanut smut (caused by Thecaphora frezii) incidence. The Shannon indexes (H′), which estimate diversity, obtained from the PCR-DGGE assays did not show significant differences neither for bacterial nor for fungal communities between control and inoculation treatments. On the other hand, the number of operational taxonomic units obtained after NGS was similar between all the analysed samples. Moreover, results of alpha and beta diversity showed that there were no significant variations between the relative abundances of the most representative bacterial and fungal phyla and genera, in both fields. Conclusions: Trichoderma harzianum ITEM 3636 decreases the incidence and severity of agriculturally relevant diseases without causing significant changes in the microbial communities of agricultural soils. Significance and Impact of the Study: Our investigations provide information on the structure of bacterial and fungal communities in peanut-producing fields after inoculation of seeds with a biocontrol agent.Fil: Ganuza, Mauricio Roque. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pastor, Nicolás Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Boccolini, Maricel Fatima. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Erazo, Jessica Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Palacios, Sofia Alejendra. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Oddino, Claudio Marcelo. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Reynoso, Maria Marta. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Rovera, Marisa. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Torres, Adriana Monica. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Estrategias educativas incluidas en la ruta de atención en salud materno perinatal (RIAMP) para disminuir la mortalidad materna en Colombia

Background: Maternal mortality compromises the health of the mother and the newborn, In Colombia with resolution 3280 of 2018 that dictates the guidelines of the care route in perinatal maternal health RIAMP, provides educational strategies during prenatal control to reduce of maternal mortality. Objective: Identify the pedagogical strategies that aim to reduce maternal mortality in Colombia. Methods: Through a narrative review between 2019 and 2021, in Pudmed, Medline, Scopus, Scielo databases; with the following equation "educational AND strategies AND maternal AND mortality", 180 articles were obtained, of which 2 were selected. A second review was carried out, 994 works were obtained from repositories of higher education institutions, in the end 15 works were included, I discard one because it spoke of infant death; The quality of the article and works were evaluated under the Merino 2013 criteria. Results: Most of the educational strategies follow the guidelines proposed by RIAMP, there are very few educational innovations that explain significant results in maternal mortality, such as music therapy in anxiety management and the effectiveness of video clips for prenatal control assistance and pain management. Conclusion: The narrative review allowed the identification of effective educational strategies for the reduction of maternal deaths, such as those mediated by ICT, music therapy and video clips. The effectiveness of educational strategies belonging to the RIAMP in reducing maternal mortality should continue to be evaluated.Antecedentes: La mortalidad materna compromete la salud de la madre y del recién nacido. En Colombia con la resolución 3280 de 2018 donde se dictan los lineamientos de la ruta de atención en salud materno perinatal (RIAMP), aporta estrategias educativas durante el control prenatal para la disminución de la mortalidad materna. Objetivo: Identificar las estrategias pedagógicas para la disminución de la mortalidad  materna en Colombia. Métodos: Mediante una revisión narrativa entre 2019 y 2021, en bases de datos Pudmed, Medline, Scopus, Scielo; con la siguiente ecuación “educational AND strategies AND maternal AND mortality”, se obtuvieron 180 artículos de los cuales se seleccionaron 2. Se realizó una segunda revisión se obtuvieron 994 trabajos de repositorios de instituciones de educación superior, al final se incluyeron 15 trabajos, se descartó uno porque hablaba de muerte infantil; la calidad del articulo y trabajos se evaluaron bajo los criterios de Merino. Resultados: Las estrategias educativas siguen en su mayoría los lineamientos propuestos por RIAMP, son muy pocas las innovaciones educativas que explicitan resultados significativos en la mortalidad materna, como la musicoterapia en manejo de ansiedad y la efectividad de los video clips para la asistencia al control prenatal y manejo del dolor. Conclusión: La revisión narrativa permitió la identificación de las estrategias educativas eficaces para la reducción de muertes maternas como son las mediadas por las TIC, la musicoterapia y los video clips. Se debe seguir evaluando la efectividad de estrategias educativas pertenecientes al RIAMP en la disminución de la mortalidad matern

Evaluation of 22 genetic variants with Crohn's Disease risk in the Ashkenazi Jewish population: a case-control study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Crohn's disease (CD) has the highest prevalence among individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) descent compared to non-Jewish Caucasian populations (NJ). We evaluated a set of well-established CD-susceptibility variants to determine if they can explain the increased CD risk in the AJ population.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We recruited 369 AJ CD patients and 503 AJ controls, genotyped 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at or near 10 CD-associated genes, <it>NOD2</it>, <it>IL23R</it>, <it>IRGM</it>, <it>ATG16L1</it>, <it>PTGER4</it>, <it>NKX2-3</it>, <it>IL12B</it>, <it>PTPN2</it>, <it>TNFSF15 </it>and <it>STAT3</it>, and assessed their association with CD status. We generated genetic scores based on the risk allele count alone and the risk allele count weighed by the effect size, and evaluated their predictive value.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Three <it>NOD2 </it>SNPs, two <it>IL23R </it>SNPs, and one SNP each at <it>IRGM </it>and <it>PTGER4 </it>were independently associated with CD risk. Carriage of 7 or more copies of these risk alleles or the weighted genetic risk score of 7 or greater correctly classified 92% (allelic count score) and 83% (weighted score) of the controls; however, only 29% and 47% of the cases were identified as having the disease, respectively. This cutoff was associated with a >4-fold increased disease risk (p < 10e-16).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>CD-associated genetic risks were similar to those reported in NJ population and are unlikely to explain the excess prevalence of the disease in AJ individuals. These results support the existence of novel, yet unidentified, genetic variants unique to this population. Understanding of ethnic and racial differences in disease susceptibility may help unravel the pathogenesis of CD leading to new personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.</p

A Genome-Wide Scan of Ashkenazi Jewish Crohn's Disease Suggests Novel Susceptibility Loci

Crohn's disease (CD) is a complex disorder resulting from the interaction of intestinal microbiota with the host immune system in genetically susceptible individuals. The largest meta-analysis of genome-wide association to date identified 71 CD–susceptibility loci in individuals of European ancestry. An important epidemiological feature of CD is that it is 2–4 times more prevalent among individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) descent compared to non-Jewish Europeans (NJ). To explore genetic variation associated with CD in AJs, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) by combining raw genotype data across 10 AJ cohorts consisting of 907 cases and 2,345 controls in the discovery stage, followed up by a replication study in 971 cases and 2,124 controls. We confirmed genome-wide significant associations of 9 known CD loci in AJs and replicated 3 additional loci with strong signal (p<5×10−6). Novel signals detected among AJs were mapped to chromosomes 5q21.1 (rs7705924, combined p = 2×10−8; combined odds ratio OR = 1.48), 2p15 (rs6545946, p = 7×10−9; OR = 1.16), 8q21.11 (rs12677663, p = 2×10−8; OR = 1.15), 10q26.3 (rs10734105, p = 3×10−8; OR = 1.27), and 11q12.1 (rs11229030, p = 8×10−9; OR = 1.15), implicating biologically plausible candidate genes, including RPL7, CPAMD8, PRG2, and PRG3. In all, the 16 replicated and newly discovered loci, in addition to the three coding NOD2 variants, accounted for 11.2% of the total genetic variance for CD risk in the AJ population. This study demonstrates the complementary value of genetic studies in the Ashkenazim

Evaluation of 22 genetic variants with Crohn's disease risk in the Ashkenazi Jewish population and its implications for genetic counseling

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disorder. Its prevalence in Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) population is higher than in non-Jewish Caucasians. Twenty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at or near 10 CD-associated genes were evaluated and their association with CD status was assessed in the AJ cohort. Genetic risk scores based on the risk allele count alone and weighed by the effect size were generated and their predictive value was evaluated. Three NOD2, two IL23R, one IRGM and one PTGER4 SNPs were independently associated with CD risk. Carriage of ≥7 copies of these risk alleles or the weighted score of ≥7 correctly classified 92% and 83% of the controls, respectively; however, only 29% and 47% of the cases were identified as having the disease, respectively. This cutoff was associated with a >4-fold increase in CD risk. In the context of these findings, the role of genetic counseling in this disease is explored. Education, risk assessment and understanding of the limitations of genetic testing may benefit patients and their families. A CD genetic counseling model is proposed