89 research outputs found

    Comparability of Raman Spectroscopic Configurations: A Large Scale Cross-Laboratory Study

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    This is the final version. Available on open access from the American Chemical Society via the DOI in this recordThe variable configuration of Raman spectroscopic platforms is one of the major obstacles in establishing Raman spectroscopy as a valuable physicochemical method within real-world scenarios such as clinical diagnostics. For such real world applications like diagnostic classification, the models should ideally be usable to predict data from different setups. Whether it is done by training a rugged model with data from many setups or by a primary-replica strategy where models are developed on a 'primary' setup and the test data are generated on 'replicate' setups, this is only possible if the Raman spectra from different setups are consistent, reproducible, and comparable. However, Raman spectra can be highly sensitive to the measurement conditions, and they change from setup to setup even if the same samples are measured. Although increasingly recognized as an issue, the dependence of the Raman spectra on the instrumental configuration is far from being fully understood and great effort is needed to address the resulting spectral variations and to correct for them. To make the severity of the situation clear, we present a round robin experiment investigating the comparability of 35 Raman spectroscopic devices with different configurations in 15 institutes within seven European countries from the COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) action Raman4clinics. The experiment was developed in a fashion that allows various instrumental configurations ranging from highly confocal setups to fibre-optic based systems with different excitation wavelengths. We illustrate the spectral variations caused by the instrumental configurations from the perspectives of peak shifts, intensity variations, peak widths, and noise levels. We conclude this contribution with recommendations that may help to improve the inter-laboratory studies.COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)Portuguese Foundation for Science and TechnologyNational Research Fund of Luxembourg (FNR)China Scholarship Council (CSC)BOKU Core Facilities Multiscale ImagingDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation

    Assessing Acceptability of Climate Policy from Three Perspectives

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    Assessing the Acceptability of Climate Policy From Three Perspectives: Policy-Specific Beliefs, Policy Characteristics, and Individual Characteristics

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    To meet the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement, effective climate policies need to be implemented. However, climate policies are often not implemented due to low (expected) acceptability among citizens. To gain insight into acceptability levels of various policy types, we examined how individual characteristics (personal values and concern about climate change), policy-specific beliefs (perceived effectiveness and fairness) and policy characteristics (e.g., communicative, financial, and legal) affect the acceptability of climate policies. A representative sample of the Dutch population (n = 1,536) completed an online questionnaire containing 18 climate policy measures. Results showed that perceived fairness and effectiveness were the main predictors of policy acceptability. Concern about climate change and personal values were of lesser importance. Communicative policies were evaluated as the most acceptable, most effective, and among the fairest policies, while financial policies were perceived as somewhat acceptable and fair and were also among the most effective policies. Legislative policies received the lowest scores on all ratings. Further, participants perceived punishing, push measures as more acceptable, effective, and fair compared to rewarding, pull measures. Packages combining a push and a pull measure received the lowest acceptability and fairness ratings but were seen as somewhat effective. This suggests that not only the type of policy but the policy itself and the targeted domain and behaviour also play a role. Additionally, policies targeting efficiency behaviour were perceived as more acceptable, effective, and fair compared to policies targeting curtailment behaviour
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