Effect of Grain Size and Micromorphology of Cu Foil on the Velocity of Flyer of Exploding Foil Detonator

In this paper, the effect of grain size and micromorphology of Cu foil on the velocity of the flyer of an exploding foil detonator was studied. A Cu foil with different grain sizes and micromorphologies was prepared by the physical vapor deposition sputtering method. The flyer velocity of the Cu foil was measured by the photon Doppler technique (PDT). The influence of the grain size and micromorphology of the Cu foil (which was the core transducer of the exploding foil detonator) on the flyer velocity and reacted morphology was discussed. The results show that the grain size and micromorphology of the Cu film can greatly affect the velocity and morphology of the flyer. The grain size of the Cu film is more uniform, and the stimulus response in the middle area of the bridge foil is more concentrated. In addition, the current density becomes more uniform, resulting in a better explosion performance. Consequently, the speed of the formed flyer becomes higher, leading to a smoother flyer surface, which is more conductive to energy conversion

Optimal Model of Electric Bus Scheduling Based on Energy Consumption and Battery Loss

The characteristics of electric buses make it difficult to estimate the energy consumption and mean that they are prone to battery loss; as such, fuel bus scheduling methods are no longer fully applicable. In current studies, the influence of these factors is ignored. This paper proposes an electric bus scheduling optimization model based on energy consumption and battery loss. Firstly, the LSTM (long short-term memory) is used to estimate trip energy consumption. Subsequently, these results are combined with the optimization objectives of minimizing the fleet size and battery loss amount. Limitations on the buses’ number, travel time, battery safety thresholds, remaining charge, and total charge are also considered. By controlling the different battery charge and discharge thresholds to minimize battery losses, the goal of sustainability is achieved. NSGA-II (non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II) is used to solve the model. The corresponding scheduling and charging scheme are determined. Electric bus route A is taken to validate the predictions. The results show that the annual fleet battery loss value decreases as the fleet size increases. The company has the lowest annual operating cost when the battery charge and discharge thresholds are set to [25%, 85%]. Optimizing the scheduling and charging scheme for electric bus can effectively reduce the operating cost

Effective resistance design and performance evaluation of energy conversion components

The safety and reliability of the initiating explosive devices (IEDs) are critical for the weapon system. As the core components of IEDs, the method of resistance designing and the performance of conversion energy of energy conversion components (ECCs) are worth being studied. In this paper, the design method for the resistance of ECCs is established based on the finite element discrete method, and the currents of melting and electric explosion are presented for evaluating the performance of ECCs. The results show that the resistance of the ECCs is 1 ± 0.05 Ω with consistency. The ECCs were designed by the established design method of resistance and manufactured by the established machining method. The melting current of ECCs is 1.8 A, which is calculated by the infrared temperature measurement and finite element simulation. The electric explosion current of ECCs is 5 A, which was obtained by combining the snapshot obtained via the high-speed camera and finite element simulation

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Data from: Gap initiation with 20.35 mm: an initiator integrating the Al/CuOx multilayer film and traditional electronic plug to enhance the ignition ability

IIn order to enhance the ignition ability and reliability of traditional electronic initiators, a novel electronic initiator has been designed to integrate with a nanothermite multilayer film and an electrode plug. The Al/CuOx nanothermite multilayer film with different thickness is deposited on the surface of electrode plug by magnetron sputtering which used Pt-W wire as electronic resistance. The exothermicity of Al/CuOx nanothermite multilayer film is so favorable that the ignition ability of electronic initiator is significantly improved. The fully firing-voltage sensitivity of the electronic initiator is 10.8 V. The thickness of Al/CuOx multilayer film has negligible effects on the ignition time and ignition energy, but leads to great impacts on the function time, the maximum length of combustion flame and ignition ability. The electrical ignition experiments have exhibited outstanding ignition ability, since the electronic initiator can easily fire the insensitive ignition composition of boron-potassium nitrate (B-KNO3) tablet in a gap of 20.35 mm. It proves that this novel propose of remolding the tradition electronic ignition devices will distinctly improve the ignition ability and reliability of electronic initiator