Management of anterior skull base defect depending on its size and location.

Introduction: We present our experience in the reconstruction of these leaks depending on their size and location. Material and methods: Fifty-four patients who underwent advanced skull base surgery (large defects, >20 mm) and 62 patients with CSF leaks of different origin (small, 2-10 mm, and midsize, 11-20 mm, defects) were included in the retrospective study. Large defects were reconstructed with a nasoseptal pedicled flap positioned on fat and fascia lata. In small and midsized leaks. Fascia lata in an underlay position was used for its reconstruction covered with mucoperiosteum of either the middle or the inferior turbinate. Results: The most frequent etiology for small and midsized defects was spontaneous (48.4%), followed by trauma (24.2%), iatrogenic (5%). The success rate after the first surgical reconstruction was 91% and 98% in large skull base defects and small/midsized, respectively. Rescue surgery achieved 100%. Conclusions: Endoscopic surgery for any type of skull base defect is the gold standard. The size of the defects does not seem to play a significant role in the success rate. Fascia lata and mucoperiosteum of the turbinate allow a two-layer reconstruction of small and midsized defects. For larger skull base defects, a combination of fat, fascia lata, and nasoseptal pedicled flaps provides a successful reconstruction

Circulatory immune cells in Cushing syndrome: bystanders or active contributors to atherometabolic injury? A study of adhesion and activation of cell surface markers.

Glucocorticoids (GC) induce cardiometabolic risk while atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation involving immunity. GC are immune suppressors, and the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) has immune modulator activities. Both may act in atherothrombotic inflammation involving immune cells (IMNC). Aim. To investigate adhesion and activation surface cell markers (CDs) of peripheral IMNC in endogenous Cushing syndrome (CS) and the immune modulator role of ACTH. Material and Methods. 16 ACTH-dependent CS (ACTH-D), 10 ACTH-independent (ACTH-ID) CS, and 16 healthy controls (C) were included. Leukocytes (Leuc), monocytes (MN), lymphocytes (Lym), and neutrophils (N) were analyzed by flow cytometry for atherosclerosis previously associated with CDs. Results. Leuc, N, and MN correlated with CS (p < 0.05), WC (p < 0.001), WHR (p = 0.003), BMI (p < 0.001), and hs-CRP (p < 0.001). CD14++CD16+ (p = 0.047); CD14+CD16++ (p = 0.053) MN; CD15+ (p = 0.027); CD15+CD16+ (p = 0.008) N; and NK-Lym (p = 0.019) were higher in CS. CD14+CD16++ MN were higher in ACTH-ID (8.9 ± 3.5%) versus ACTH-D CS (4.2 ± 1.9%) versus C (4.9 ± 2.3%). NK-Lym correlated with c-LDL (r = 0.433, p = 0.039) and CD15+ N with hs-CRP (r = 0.446, p = 0.037). In multivariate analysis, Leuc, N, and MN depended on BMI (p = 0.021), WC (p = 0.002), and WHR (p = 0.014), while CD15+ and CD15+CD16+ N on hypercortisolism and CS (p = 0.035). Conclusion. In CS, IMNC present changes in activation and adhesion CDs implicated in atherothrombotic inflammation. ACTH-IDCS presents a particular IMNC phenotype, possibly due to the absence of the immune modulator effect of ACTH

The Evaluation of Optic Nerves Using 7 Tesla 'Silent' Zero Echo Time Imaging in Patients with Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy with or without Idebenone Treatment

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Optic Nerve is difficult due to the fine extended nature of the structure, strong local magnetic field distortions induced by anatomy, and large motion artefacts associated with eye movement. To address these problems we used a Zero Echo Time (ZTE) MRI sequence with an Adiabatic SPectral Inversion Recovery (ASPIR) fat suppression pulse which also imbues the images with Magnetisation Transfer contrast. We investigated an application of the sequence for imaging the optic nerve in subjects with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Of particular note is the sequence's near-silent operation, which can enhance image quality of the optic nerve by reducing the occurrence of involuntary saccades induced during Magnetic Resonance (MR) scanning

Extended Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches for Cerebral Aneurysms: Anatomical, Virtual Reality and Morphometric Study

Introduction. The purpose of the present contribution is to perform a detailed anatomic and virtual reality three-dimensional stereoscopic study in order to test the effectiveness of the extended endoscopic endonasal approaches for selected anterior and posterior circulation aneurysms. Methods. The study was divided in two main steps: (1) simulation step, using a dedicated Virtual Reality System (Dextroscope, Volume Interactions); (2) dissection step, in which the feasibility to reach specific vascular territory via the nose was verified in the anatomical laboratory. Results. Good visualization and proximal and distal vascular control of the main midline anterior and posterior circulation territory were achieved during the simulation step as well as in the dissection step (anterior communicating complex, internal carotid, ophthalmic, superior hypophyseal, posterior cerebral and posterior communicating, basilar, superior cerebellar, anterior inferior cerebellar, vertebral, and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries). Conclusion. The present contribution is intended as strictly anatomic study in which we highlighted some specific anterior and posterior circulation aneurysms that can be reached via the nose. For clinical applications of these approaches, some relevant complications, mainly related to the endonasal route, such as proximal and distal vascular control, major arterial bleeding, postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak, and olfactory disturbances must be considered

Double hemispheric Microdialysis study in poor-grade SAH patients

Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a dreadful complication present in 30% of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. DCI prediction and prevention are burdensome in poor grade SAH patients (WFNS 4-5). Therefore, defining an optimal neuromonitoring strategy might be cumbersome. Cerebral microdialysis (CMD) offers near-real-time regional metabolic data of the surrounding brain. However, unilateral neuromonitoring strategies obviate the diffuse repercussions of SAH. To assess the utility, indications and therapeutic implications of bilateral CMD in poor grade SAH patients. Poor grade SAH patients eligible for multimodal neuromonitoring were prospectively collected. Aneurysm location and blood volume were assessed on initial Angio-CT scans. CMD probes were bilaterally implanted and maintained, at least, for 48 hours (h). Ischemic events were defined as a Lactate/Pyruvate ratio >40 and Glucose concentration <0.7 mmol/L. 16 patients were monitored for 1725 h, observing ischemic events during 260 h (15.1%). Simultaneous bilateral ischemic events were rare (5 h, 1.9%). The established threshold of ≥7 ischemic events displayed a specificity and sensitivity for DCI of 96.2% and 83.3%, respectively. Bilateral CMD is a safe and useful strategy to evaluate areas at risk of suffering DCI in SAH patients. Metabolic crises occur bilaterally but rarely simultaneously. Hence, unilateral neuromonitoring strategies underestimate the risk of infarction and the possibility to offset its consequences

Cost-Effectiveness of Low-Field Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance in Glioma Surgery

Object: Low-field intraoperative magnetic resonance (LF-iMR) has demonstrated a slight increase in the extent of resection of intra-axial tumors while preserving patient`s neurological outcomes. However, whether this improvement is cost-effective or not is still matter of controversy. In this clinical investigation we sought to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the implementation of a LF-iMR in glioma surgery. Methods: Patients undergoing LF-iMR guided glioma surgery with gross total resection (GTR) intention were prospectively collected and compared to an historical cohort operated without this technology. Socio-demographic and clinical variables (pre and postoperative KPS; histopathological classification; Extent of resection; postoperative complications; need of re-intervention within the first year and 1-year postoperative survival) were collected and analyzed. Effectiveness variables were assessed in both groups: Postoperative Karnofsky performance status scale (pKPS); overall survival (OS); Progression-free survival (PFS); and a variable accounting for the number of patients with a greater than subtotal resection and same or higher postoperative KPS (R-KPS). All preoperative, procedural and postoperative costs linked to the treatment were considered for the cost-effectiveness analysis (diagnostic procedures, prosthesis, operating time, hospitalization, consumables, LF-iMR device, etc). Deterministic and probabilistic simulations were conducted to evaluate the consistency of our analysis. Results: 50 patients were operated with LF-iMR assistance, while 146 belonged to the control group. GTR rate, pKPS, R-KPS, PFS, and 1-year OS were respectively 13,8% (not significative), 7 points (p < 0.05), 17% (p < 0.05), 38 days (p < 0.05), and 3.7% (not significative) higher in the intervention group. Cost-effectiveness analysis showed a mean incremental cost per patient of 789 in the intervention group. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were 111 per additional point of pKPS, 21 per additional day free of progression, and 46 per additional percentage point of R-KPS. Conclusion: Glioma patients operated under LF-iMR guidance experience a better functional outcome, higher resection rates, less complications, better PFS rates but similar life expectancy compared to conventional techniques. In terms of efficiency, LF-iMR is very close to be a dominant technology in terms of R-KPS, PFS and pKPS

Abordaje transesfenoidal endoscópico en patología sellar. Descripción y análisis de una nueva técnica en nuestro ámbito hospitalario. Comparación respecto a la vía transesfenoidal clásica.

[spa] -OBJETIVOS: Sistematizar el abordaje endoscópico endonasal transesfenoidal. Valorar el grado de resección tumoral, complicaciones, grado de invasividad tumoral y estancia postoperatoria. Comparar esta nueva técnica con el abordaje sublabial microquirúrgico clásico. -MATERIAL y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo no randomizado de 50 pacientes intervenidos en nuestro centro entre 2002 y 2006 de adenomas hipofisarios con diferentes grados de invasión del seno cavernoso según la clasificación de Knosp. Entre las variables del estudio se incluyeron los grados de invasión, los grados de resección postoperatoria (total, subtotal y parcial) con un seguimiento radiológico medio de 12 meses, lesión del n.óptico, panhipopituitrasimo postoperatorio, fístula de LCR, déficit de pares craneales, epistaxis, meningitis, diabetes insípida y lesión de arteria carótida. Nuestra serie consta de 27 varones y 23 mujeres, con una edad media de 48 años (19 - 80 años). En 23 casos se utilizó una vía transesfenoidal sublabial clásica y en 25 casos se realizó un abordaje transesfenoidal endoscópico. Las relaciones entre el método quirúrgico aplicado y las variables de naturaleza categórica del estudio se realizaron mediante tablas de contingencia y el cálculo del test Chi-cuadrado. Para el caso de tablas de contingencia 2X2 con valores esperados inferiores a 5 en alguna celda, se realizó el cálculo del test exacto de Fisher. En cuanto a la medición de la relación entre el método quirúrgico y las variables de naturaleza cuantitativa, ésta se realizó mediante un test T. La relación entre el método quirúrgico y a la invasión del tumor se realizó mediante una Regresión Logística No-Condicionada. La estimación del número de días de postoperatorio de los pacientes se realizó mediante un Análisis de la Covarianza (ANCOVA). -RESULTADOS: En nuestra experiencia la técnica endoscópica presenta un porcentaje de exéresis completa superior al de la técnica clásica (60% frente a 34,8%) y un mayor porcentaje de resección subtotal (32% frente 26%) existiendo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0,033). En contraposición no encontramos diferencias en cuanto a complicaciones. También hemos evidenciado que existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en cuanto a la estancia postoperatoria (p=0,111), reduciéndose ésta a la mitad (3 días) con la técnica endoscópica. Si bien no hemos encontrado diferencias significativas en cuanto al grado de invasividad tumoral y al grado de resección, un mayor grado de invasividad aumenta en 3,59 veces el riesgo de poco éxito de la operación. - DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES: En nuestra experiencia con la técnica endoscópica obtenemos un mayor grado de resección quirúrgica y una estancia postoperatoria menor. No hemos observado diferencias en cuanto a las complicaciones. La técnica endoscópica es relativamente nueva y en vías de desarrollo; nos permite una mejor visión de las estructuras sellares y una menor invasividad, traduciéndose esto en mejores resultados y en una mayor confortabilidad para nuestros pacientes.[eng] "ENDOSCOPIC ENDONASAL TRANSSPHENOIDAL APPROACH IN SELLAR TUMORS: ANALYSIS AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW TECHNIQUE. COMPARISON WITH THE STANDARD SUBLABIAL TRANSEPTAL APPROACH". OBJECTIVE: In the present study we evaluate our experience regarding the treatment of pituitary adenomas. A comparison of the endoscopic transnasal vs the sublabial transseptal approach is illustrated. MATERIALS, METHODS: We consider 50 patients, 27 males and 23 females, the age range was between 19 to 80, with a mean of 48 years. All patients were operated upon by a single surgeon between 2002 and 2006. 23 cases were treated with a standard sublabial approach and 25 cases were with the endoscopic approach. The study population was evaluated with MRI and staged according to the Knosp classification. Postoperatively, the excision was classified as Complete, Subtotal or Partial. Mean follow up was 12 months. The variables considered for analysis include invasion grades, resection grades and complications. A Prospective no randomised study was performed. The relationship between surgical techniques and categorical variables was carried out using x-square and Fisher Exact tests. The relationship between surgical techniques and quantitative variables was carried out using a Student's T test. RESULTS: Complete resection was achieved in 60% of patients operated by the endoscopic approach vs 34,8% operated using a sublabial approach. Subtotal resection was 32% in the endoscopic group and 26% in sublabial group (p=0,033). Concerning surgical complications there were not statistical differences. On the contrary, patients operated endoscopically were discharged on postoperative day 3 (p=0,11) while patients operated by the sublabial approach were discharged on postoperative day 6. Higher invasive tumor grades were associated with a 3,59 times higher risk of non optimal surgical results. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach improves the extent of tumor resection and reduce the postoperative stay. This approach is a new minimally invasive technique which provide a straight, multiangled, and close-up view of the midline areas around the sella

Dificultades diagnósticas y terapéuticas en la neurocisticercosis: presentacion de 6 casos y revisión de la literatura

Introducción La neurocisticercosis (NCC) es una patología emergente en países desarrollados debido principalmente, al aumento de la inmigración desde áreas endémicas. El gran poliformismo de la NCC hace necesaria la individualización del tratamiento en cada caso. La toma de decisiones en paises no habituados a esta patología puede ser compleja. Objetivos. Establecer unas pautas diagnósticas y terapéuticas en los diferentes tipos de NCC. Material y métodos. Se ha realizado un análisis descriptivo y retrospectivo de seis casos de neurocisticercosis atendidos en el Servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital Clínic de Barcelona desde 1992 al 2000 (ambos incluidos). Se realiza una revisión de la literatura sobre los métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos actuales en las diferentes modalidades de NCC. Discusión. El diagnóstico definitivo o probable de NCC se realiza en función de criterios clínicos, inmunológicos, radiológicos y epidemiológicos. En pacientes con enfermedad inactiva se recomienda únicamente tratamiento sintomático. No hay datos concluyentes sobre el beneficio del tratamiento con antiparasitarios en la enfermedad activa parenquimatosa, sin embargo, los pacientes con enfermedad activa extraparenquimatosa se pueden beneficiar del tratamiento antihelminítico asociado a corticoides durante los primeros días. El tratamiento quirúrgico está indicado en lesiones que provocan focalidad neurológica progresiva, hipertensión endocraneal o hidrocefalia

Valor predictivo de la clasificación de Knosp en el grado de resección quirúrgica de los macroadenomas invasivos: esstudio prospectivo de una serie de 23 casos

Objetivos. Analizar y valorar el grado de resección y las complicaciones de la cirugía transesfenoidal en una serie de 23 casos de macroadenomas con invasión del seno cavernoso evaluados mediante la clasificación de Knosp. Material, métodos y resultados. Estudio prospectivo de 22 pacientes (23 operaciones) intervenidos en nuestro centro entre Mayo del 2002 y Diciembre del 2004 de macroadenomas hipofisarios con diferentes grados de invasión del seno cavernoso según la clasificación de Knosp15. Entre las variables del estudio se incluyeron los grados de invasión y de resección postoperatoria con un seguimiento radiológico medio a largo plazo de 15 meses. Nuestra serie consta de 15 varones y 7 mujeres, con una edad media de 48 años (27 - 75 años). Todos ellos presentaban macroadenomas con afectación de uno o ambos senos cavernosos. De acuerdo con la clasifi- cación de Knosp 4 pacientes fueron grado 1, 2 grado 2, 1 grado 3 y 16 grado 4. En 20 casos se utilizó una vía transesfenoidal clásica y en tres casos se hizo un abordaje transesfenoidal endoscópico. Según la RMN postoperatoria los grados de resección fueron: completo o total en todos los pacientes con grados 1 y 2 y en sólo 2 pacientes con grado 4; subtotal (>80%) en 1 paciente con grado 3 y en 6 pacientes con grado 4 y parcial (<80%) en 7 pacientes con grado 4 de Knosp. Se compararon los grados de resección versus los grados de invasión mediante el Test exacto de Fisher y las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p=0.12). Discusión y conclusiones. Si bien únicamente la clasificación radiológica de Knosp por si sola no puede predecir el comportamiento biológico del tumor o si la pared medial del seno cavernoso está infiltrada o desplazada, en nuestra serie los tumores de grado 4 han sido los que han presentado un peor resultado de acuerdo al grado de resección. En los tumores que invaden el seno cavernoso, incluso en los casos en que la carótida está englobada es posible realizar resecciones completas con una morbimortalidad aceptable