High salt intake increases copeptin but salt sensitivity is associated with fluid induced reduction of copeptin in women.

This study investigated if copeptin is affected by high salt intake and whether any salt-induced changes in copeptin are related to the degree of salt sensitivity. The study was performed on 20 men and 19 women. In addition to meals containing 50 mmol NaCl daily, capsules containing 100 mmol NaCl and corresponding placebo capsules were administered during 4 weeks each, in random order. Measurements of 24 h blood pressure, body weight, 24 h urinary volume, and fasting plasma copeptin were performed at high and low salt consumption. Copeptin increased after a high compared to low dietary salt consumption in all subjects 3,59 ± 2,28 versus 3,12 ± 1,95 (P = 0,02). Copeptin correlated inversely with urinary volume, at both low (r = -0,42; P = 0,001) and high (r = -0,60; P < 0,001) salt consumption, as well as with the change in body weight (r = -0,53; P < 0,001). Systolic salt sensitivity was inversely correlated with salt-induced changes of copeptin, only in females (r = -0,58; P = 0,017). As suppression of copeptin on high versus low salt intake was associated with systolic salt sensitivity in women, our data suggest that high fluid intake and fluid retention may contribute to salt sensitivity

Higher plain water intake is associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk: a cross-sectional study in humans

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between plain water intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. It was hypothesized that higher plain water intake would be associated with a lower T2D risk score. One hundred thirty-eight adults from Southwest and Southeast England answered a cross-sectional online survey assessing T2D risk (using the Diabetes UK risk assessment); physical activity (using the short International Physical Activity Questionnaire); and consumption of fruits, vegetables, and beverages (using an adapted version of the Cambridge European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Food Frequency Questionnaire). There was a trend for differences in mean plain water intake between those stratified as having low, increased, moderate, or high risk of T2D; but these did not achieve significance (P = .084). However, plain water intake was significantly negatively correlated with T2D risk score (τ = -0°180, P = .005); and for every 240-mL cup of water consumed per day, T2D risk score was reduced by 0.72 point (range, 0-47) (B = -0.03, 95% confidence interval = -0.06 to -0.01, P = .014). The current study has provided preliminary results that are supported by theory; mechanisms need to be explored further to determine the true effect of plain water intake on disease risk. As increasing plain water intake is a simple and cost-effective dietary modification, its impact on T2D risk is important to investigate further in a randomized controlled trial. Overall, this study found that plain water intake had a significant negative correlation with T2D risk score; and regression analysis suggested that water may have a role in reducing T2D risk.</p

Göteborg, Sweden

The Swedish city of Göteborg, located on the west coast of Sweden, is the country’s western gateway. Göteborg dates back to the 1600s when it was founded to function as both a port and a defensive position. From the beginning the city saw an influx of people from other countries and Göteborg at one point was known as ‘little London’. Soon industries were introduced and the town became an important commercial centre, growing rapidly in both area and population during the second half of the nineteenth century. Town districts subsequently developed different identities and these can still be experienced today. The town’s heavy industry and shipbuilding were important up to recent times but today the city has made the transition to become a knowledge centre and also an attractive city for tourism. Planning for the future aims to consolidate Göteborg as a dynamic regional centre and an attractive place to live with its diversified urban environment enhanced by its natural qualities. The city aims to create a climate of participation among the inhabitants, corporations and organizations in the region. Ultimately, success will be measured in terms of the city’s ability to engage with all sections of the rapidly expanding community