Cognitive Effects of Breastfeeding

This paper explores the cognitive effects of breastfeeding through Intelligence Testing and Imaging Testing that compares IQ, success, and brain structure of individuals that were breastfed, formula fed, and both breastfed and formula fed. Intelligence studies available are widespread for all age groups and signify a causal relationship between breastfeeding and intelligence. However, imaging testing is not as extensive, but shows a strong correlation between cognitive development and breastfeeding. The mechanism of breast milk’s impact on cognitive development is at an exploratory phase, with a possibility that docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids, along with other nutrients found in breast milk, contribute to preferential neural development. Altogether, the biological principle that structure equals function, is supported by evidence from Intelligence and Imaging tests that structural differences in the brains of those who were breastfed, caused by the components of breast milk, results in superior intelligence (than non-breastfed individuals) throughout life

Unfair Practices and Practicing Attorneys: Should the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act Apply to Communications between Debt Collectors and Debtors\u27 Attorneys?

(Excerpt) This Note proceeds in three parts. Part I discusses the history of the Act and Congress\u27s intent behind its enactment. Part I also analyzes some of the Act\u27s provisions relating to debt collectors. Part II examines in detail the three current approaches taken by the circuit courts for determining the applicability of the Act to communications between debt collectors and debtors\u27 attorneys. Part III argues that none of the current approaches appropriately resolves the issue. Additionally, Part III proposes a simple two-step inquiry for courts to employ when attempting to resolve whether communications toward a debtor\u27s attorney are actionable under the Act. Part III concludes by demonstrating how this two-step inquiry properly balances Congress\u27s intent to protect consumers without placing too heavy a burden on legitimate debt collection

Unfair Practices and Practicing Attorneys: Should the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act Apply to Communications between Debt Collectors and Debtors\u27 Attorneys?

(Excerpt) This Note proceeds in three parts. Part I discusses the history of the Act and Congress\u27s intent behind its enactment. Part I also analyzes some of the Act\u27s provisions relating to debt collectors. Part II examines in detail the three current approaches taken by the circuit courts for determining the applicability of the Act to communications between debt collectors and debtors\u27 attorneys. Part III argues that none of the current approaches appropriately resolves the issue. Additionally, Part III proposes a simple two-step inquiry for courts to employ when attempting to resolve whether communications toward a debtor\u27s attorney are actionable under the Act. Part III concludes by demonstrating how this two-step inquiry properly balances Congress\u27s intent to protect consumers without placing too heavy a burden on legitimate debt collection

Gesetz, Ethik und Gerechtigkeit im Judentum

Judentum und Ethik ist ein Thema, das vor allem von christlicher Seite her aus kritischer Sicht behandelt wurde. Das Werk untersucht das Spannungsver

Mycoplasma pneumoniae Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome toxin expression reveals growth phase and infection-dependent regulation

Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes acute and chronic respiratory infections, including tracheobronchitis and community acquired pneumonia, and is linked to asthma and an array of extra-pulmonary disorders. Recently, we identified an ADP-ribosylating and vacuolating toxin of M. pneumoniae, designated Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) toxin. In this study we analysed CARDS toxin gene (annotated mpn372) transcription and identified its promoter. We also compared CARDS toxin mRNA and protein profiles in M. pneumoniae during distinct in vitro growth phases. CARDS toxin mRNA expression was maximal, but at low levels, during early exponential growth and declined sharply during mid-to-late log growth phases, which was in direct contrast to other mycoplasma genes examined. Between 7% and 10% of CARDS toxin was localized to the mycoplasma membrane at mid-exponential growth, which was reinforced by immunogold electron microscopy. No CARDS toxin was released into the medium. Upon M. pneumoniae infection of mammalian cells, increased expression of CARDS toxin mRNA was observed when compared with SP-4 broth-grown cultures. Further, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that M. pneumoniae readily expressed CARDS toxin during infection of differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Analysis of M. pneumoniae-infected mouse lung tissue revealed high expression of CARDS toxin per mycoplasma cell when compared with M. pneumoniae cells grown in SP-4 medium alone. Taken together, these studies indicate that CARDS toxin expression is carefully controlled by environmental cues that influence its transcription and translation. Further, the acceleration of CARDS toxin synthesis and accumulation in vivo is consistent with its role as a bona fide virulence determinant