Novi AMS datumi iz sub-neolitskih najdišč na območju južnega dela reke Bug (Ukrajina) in težave s kronologijo kulture Bug-Dnester

Ideas about the origin of the Buh-Dnister Culture under the influence of the Danube Early Neolithic were questioned by series of radiocarbon dates falling into the second half of the 7th millennium BC measured on bones at the Kyiv laboratory in 1998–2004. To start addressing this problem, 11 AMS dates on organic inclusions in the ceramic paste and charred residues on the surface of vessels were obtained at the Tokyo University laboratory. Apart from two heavily overestimated values, measured on samples with very low carbon content, they fall into the range of the 60th–46th century BC that correspond better to the primary views of this chronology. However, the issues of the time and direction of spreading of the first pottery in the region need further research.Zaradi vrste radiokarbonskih datumov, ki sodijo v čas druge polovice 7. tisočletja pr. n. št. in so jih izmerili na kosteh v Kijevskem laboratoriju med leti 1998 do 2004, smo podvomili v zamisli o izvoru kulture Bug – Dnester pod vplivom Donavskega zgodnjega neolitika. Da bi lahko razrešili to vprašanje, smo v univerzitetnem laboratoriju v Tokiju pridobili 11 AMS datumov iz organskih vključkov v lončarskih masah in zoglenelih organskih ostankov na površinah posod. Razen dveh izredno precenjenih vrednosti, ki smo jih izmerili na vzorcih z nizko vsebnostjo ogljika, padejo datumi v razpon od 60. do 46. stoletja pr. n. št., kar je bolj v skladu s prvotnimi stališči o tej kronologiji. Ne glede na te rezultate pa bo potrebno čas in smer širitve prve lončenine v tej regiji še dodatno preučiti

Ukraine as the crossroad for agricultural dispersal in eurasia

With remarkable progress of archaeobotany in decades, we should reconsider the dispersal of agriculture in Eurasia as multi tiered, multi directional, and long term movements. The territories to the north of the Black Sea, mainly the present Ukraine, are one of the key area to discuss the EastWest movements. There are comparatively many archaeobotanical dataset derived from impressions in pottery, and have been quoted often. In particular, exceptionally early start of agriculture compared to the neighbouring region has been predicted based on the early cereals prior to 6000BC

production of chitooligosaccharides from Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL2710 cells by chitosanase digestion

The intact cells of Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL2710, whose cell walls are abundant source of N-acetylglu- cosamine (GlcNAc) and glucosamine (GlcN), were digested with three chitinolytic enzymes, a GH-46 chitosanase from Streptomyces sp. N174 (CsnN174), a chitinase from Pyrococcus furiosus, and a chitinase from Trichoderma viride, respectively. Solubilization of the intact cells by CsnN174 was found to be the most efficient from solid state CP/MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy. Chitosanase products from Rhizopus cells were purified by cation exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25 and gel-filtration on Cellulofine Gcl-25 m. NMR and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses of the purified products revealed that GlcN–GlcNAc, (GlcN)2–GlcNAc, and (GlcN)2 were produced by the enzymatic digestion of the intact cells. The chitosan- ase digestion of Rhizopus cells was found to be an excellent system for the conversion of fungal biomass without any environmental impact

チタン鋳造における鋳型温度の影響

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the titanium castability with a vacuum pressured type casting machine. We tested ethyl-silicate bonded investment "TITAVESTPS" of metal frame work. Four different mold temperatures (room temperature, 300℃, 600℃, and 900℃) were prepared for the present study, and casting was done in five times in each condition. When the mold temperature increased, high percentage of castability was gained. Mold temperature showed a highly significant (p<0.001) correlation on the castability. These results indicate that high performance of castability on the titanium was achieved when the mold temperature increased by using vacuum pressured type casting machine

麹納豆(塩納豆, 浜納豆, 大徳寺納豆)に含まれる総アミノ酸および遊離アミノ酸の分析(人間環境学)

各種, 麹納豆(塩納豆, 浜納豆, 大徳寺納豆)に含まれる総アミノ酸(6N塩酸, 150℃, 1時間加水分解物)および遊離アミノ酸(水抽出アミノ酸)をクエン酸Li緩衝液イオン交換樹脂法とニンヒドリン発色法によるHPLC-アミノ酸分析機で分析, 定量した。麹納豆のアミノ酸組成の比較のために, きな粉, 味噌, 糸引納豆も同じ前処理条件で操作しアミノ酸分析した。総アミノ酸分析のための加水分解には1.0φ×5cm試験管に各試料を入れ, 6N塩酸0.5ml入れたミニナートバルブ容器(25ml)中にその試験管を2本入れ真空にし, 150℃, 1時間加熱した。きな粉はこれら大豆加工食品中で最も加工度が低いものであるが, 他の発酵食品より水分, 食塩などの含量が低いにもかかわらず遊離アミノ酸含量が0.58%程度であった。きな粉の総アミノ酸量はほぼタンパク質由来と考えられる。糸引き納豆と塩納豆は製造法が似ているものであるが総アミノ酸含量, 遊離アミノ酸含量とも各アミノ酸の組成が類似していた。総アミノ酸合計量に対する遊離アミノ酸合計量の比率はきな粉, 糸引き納豆, みそ, 大徳寺納豆, 塩納豆, 浜納豆の順に高くなり, 加工度, 発酵度合に比例して増加していた。また, 総グルタミン酸量に対する遊離グルタミン酸量の比率は浜納豆の24%が最高で風味に強く影響を与えていた。本研究は平成10&acd;12年度文部省科学研究費基盤研究(c)の御援助によって行われた。Free amino acids and total amino acids (6N-HCI hydrolysate at 150℃ for 1hr) in koji-nattos were analyzed with an HPLC-amino acid analyzer using lithium citrate buffers and ninhydrin reagent. Amino acids in Kinako and Itohiki-natto were also analyzed under the same condition as that of koji-natto for the comparisons of the amino acid composition among the soybean products. The contents of free amino acids in Kinako was the least among the soybean products analyzed. The compositions and the contents of total and free amino acids in Itohiki-natto and Shio-natto were alike. The ratio of the free amino acid to the total amino acid was low in Kinako, and was higher in Itohiki-natto, Miso, Daitokuji-natto, Shio-natto, and Hama-natto in these order. The ratio in Hama-natto was as high as 0.24,and this high free-amino acid content should enhance the good tastes of this fermented product

The onset, dispersal and crop preferences of early agriculture in the Japanese archipelago as derived from seed impressions in pottery

This paper summarises the results of 225 studies of seed impressions in pottery assemblages from 182 archaeological sites across Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu islands covering the Late/Final Jomon–Middle Yayoi period (ca. 2000–1 BCE). Focussing on rice, foxtail millet and broomcorn millet impressions, this archaeobotanical dataset was used to reconstruct when and where these crops arrived from the Eurasian mainland on these islands, how they dispersed and whether there were changes in crop preferences over time. While it is generally accepted that crop cultivation started during the Initial Yayoi period (ca. 800/700–500/400 BCE) in northern Kyushu, a limited number of seed impressions in Tottaimon phase 1 pottery suggests that rice and millet were present at different sites on Kyushu and in the Chugoku region even before this period. The earliest impression records also corroborate the hypothesis that rice arrived along with both millet crops, which for a long time have not been considered in research on early agriculture. The earliest crop records from eastern Japan (here Central Highlands to northern Honshu) come from early Fusenmon pottery, which was mainly used in the Central Highlands (central Honshu) and some adjacent areas, dating to the End of Final Jomon period (concurrent with the Initial Yayoi period in northern Kyushu). While the records from western Japan (here Kyushu to Kinki region) associated with Tottaimon pottery suggest mixed rice/millet cultivation during the Initial Yayoi and early part of the Early Yayoi (ca. 800/700–300 BCE) period, Fusenmon groups appear to have preferred millet. In western Japan, related to the spread of Ongagawa pottery, rice became the dominant crop during the late Early Yayoi period. This shift happened later (i.e., during the Middle Yayoi period; ca. 300–1 BCE) in eastern Japan. This ‘delay’ is manifested in impression records from the Tokai region representing a transitional area between eastern and western Japan. Rice-centred agriculture begun with the arrival of Ongagawa pottery on the Nobi Plain during the Early Yayoi period. In regions east of the plain settled by Jokonmon pottery groups a more rice-oriented agriculture is not evident before the Middle Yayoi period. An exceptional development is indicated for northern Tohoku (northernmost Honshu). Impression records from Sunazawa pottery suggest that local groups adopted only rice during the Early Yayoi period. The rice preference apparently continued into the Middle Yayoi period, but crop cultivation was abandoned by the beginning of the Late Yayoi period

Crop cultivation of Middle Yayoi culture communities (fourth century bce–first century ce) in the Kanto region, eastern Japan, inferred from a radiocarbon-dated archaeobotanical record

AMS-dated archaeobotanical assemblages from hearth deposits of Middle Yayoi (fourth century bce–first century ce) cultural layers of the Maenakanishi site (36°09′N, 139°24′E) in northern Saitama Prefecture demonstrate that besides rice, foxtail and broomcorn millet were the most important staple crops during the second and first centuries bce. The reliance on less demanding dry-field crops at Maenakanishi and other Early to Middle Yayoi settlements in north-western Kanto and the Central Highlands in eastern central Japan contrasts with concurrent agricultural production in western and north-eastern (Tohoku) Japan, where rice cultivation generally dominated and millets apparently played a minor role. Two factors, which likely influenced this pattern, are the uneven density distribution and the cultural heterogeneity of indigenous non-agricultural Jomon populations during the formation and spread of the Yayoi culture (tenth/fourth century bce–250 ce) brought to the Japanese islands by farmers from the Asian mainland. In western Japan the spread of rice cultivation was likely promoted by low Jomon population densities. The higher importance of foxtail and broomcorn millet at Maenakanishi may be explained by cultural influence from the northern Central Highlands. Early agricultural communities in this region appear to have preferred these newcomer crops that required less labour and organisational efforts