Effect of Temporary Shade Tree Species on Growth Performance of Newly Transplanted Arabica Coffee Seedlings at Jimma

A field experiment was conducted at Jimma Agricultural Research Centre (JARC) with an objective to investigate the effect of various temporary shade tree species on survival rate, early growth performance and field establishment of Arabica coffee seedlings between 2008 and 2014 cropping season. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used. The treatment consisted of temporary shade tree species vis. Pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp)Tephrosia sp. Caster bean,Leucaena sp., Sesbania sesbane, grass hat (‘’Gojo’’) and open plot as a control. Coffee seedlings were raised using a CBD resistant coffee cultivar, 74110 following the recommended nursery management practices. Each experimental plot constituted of 12 coffee seedlings planted at 2m by 2m spacing. Seeds of pigeon pea,Tephrosia, Caster bean,Luecnea and Sesbania sesbanewhich were collected and prepared have been sown between coffee rows in east and west directions so as to protect seedlings from morning and afternoon sun injury. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) variations were detected among treatments for nearly all growth parameters studied. Accordingly, almost all distractive and non-distractive growth parameters were considerably affected by temporary shade treatment. In general grass hat treatment followed by Sesbania sesban showed best growth performance of coffee seedlings. Thus areas with ample rainfall or soil moisture Sesbania sesban and Pigeon pea can be used as temporary shade for coffee seedlings if planted under wider spacing (4 m x 4 m) sesbania sesban and (2 m x 2 m) pigeon pea so as to reduce their competition effect with young coffee tree for climatic and soil resources. Keywords: - inter row, intra row, temporary shade tree and transplanted seedling

The influence of insecure attachment on undergraduates’ jealousy: the mediating effect of self-differentiation

BackgroundJealousy is a complex emotion and can be healthy or pathological, depending on the intensity and the degree of control. Excessive jealousy was characterized by anxiety, anger, and alienation in the insecure attachment relationship.ObjectiveTo explore how insecure attachment triggered this intense emotion, this study investigated the relationship between two insecure attachment dimensions and jealousy and explored the influence of self-differentiation on the relationship.MethodA total of 477 undergraduates participated in the study, and the Bringle self–report jealousy scale (BSJS), the relationship questionnaire (RQ), the intimate relationship experience questionnaire (ECR), and the revised edition of self–the differentiation questionnaire (DSR) were used.ResultThe results showed that: (1) attachment anxiety had a significant positive predictive effect on jealousy, but attachment avoidance had no significant positive predictive effect; (2) self-differentiation partially mediated the relationship between attachment anxiety and jealousy, but it has no significant mediating effect between attachment avoidance and jealousy.ConclusionThe results suggest that attachment anxiety was correlated with jealousy because it strengthened the intensity of anxiety and anger toward their attachment figures and became out of control through a lower level of self-differentiation, which has important implications for clinical intervention

The role of Cluster Supervision in Improving Primary Education Curriculum: In the case of Addis Ababa.

Abstract The study was conducted to assess the roles of cluster supervision in improving primary education curriculum. The focus of the study was to explore benefits teachers gained from cluster supervisory practices: professional preparation of cluster supervisors; the role of supervisors, principals, regional curriculum officers and parents in curriculum improvement and challenges of cluster supervisions. To conduct the study Survey design was employed by using multisampling techniques to select the sample wereda, cluster centers, teachers and principals. An interview was also conducted to enrich the quantitative data. Consequently, the main findings emerged from this study were: benefits teachers gained from cluster supervisors practice was insignificant; cluster supervisors and principals are ineffective in creating favorable situations for teachers to get in-service education; school visits by cluster supervisors and principals were irregular. Finally its recommended to arrange short-term refresher training and discussion forums; participate in decision- making process related to curriculum at all stages and the cluster supervisors should coordinate different groups of implementation and improvement of the curriculum, Moreover, the regional education offices, the zone education department or the school .should give orientation about the role and responsibilities of the cluster supervisors and allocates budget for school cluster supervision. Key Words: Cluster Supervision, Curriculum Improvement, Rol

Yield Gaps and Technical Inefficiency Factors for Major Cereal Crops in Ethiopia: Panel Stochastic Frontier Approach

Enhancing the productivity of major cereal crops by narrowing the yield gap between achieved and potential is intrinsically linked with the improvement of the technical inefficiency of crop production. The study aims to explore yield gaps and technical inefficiency factors for major cereals (maize, wheat, tef, sorghum, and barley) using longitudinal data sets from 2007/2008 to 2020/2021 and agricultural field survey data sets from the Central Statistics Authority and other official data sources in Ethiopia. A panel stochastic frontier approach using a true fixed-effect model was applied to estimate the elasticity coefficients of production, determinants of technical inefficiency, and their scores. The result shows productivity of the major cereals steadily increasing over the last fifteen years, with a higher rate of increase from 2013/2014 onwards, particularly for maize. However, the yield increase recorded for all major crops in 2020/2021 was below average compared to achievable yield levels recorded. The elasticity coefficients estimates with respect to cultivated area, area covered with local seed, labor, chemical fertilizer, and pesticide spray had a positive and significant effect on the crop outputs, indicating the importance of these inputs to enhancing production and productivity. However, capital and local seed had significant negative effects on sorghum and maize outputs; while use of chemical fertilizer for maize output only. The level of technical efficiency (TE) of farming improved with an increase in irrigated areas, extension service cover, amount of rainfall, and in some agroecologies. However, TE declined in moisture-sufficient agroecology for wheat and barley. Further, a mean TE score of 82.66% for maize, 85.04% for sorghum, 60.77% for wheat, 52.65% for barley, and 88.62% for teff output indicates the existence of various levels of inefficiencies. The study recommends narrowing productivity gaps for the major cereals through improving the supply and utilization of agricultural inputs, expanding irrigation, improving access to better technology; strengthening the extension system; and strengthening the agriculture-supporting research system

Yield Gaps and Technical Inefficiency Factors for Major Cereal Crops in Ethiopia: Panel Stochastic Frontier Approach

Enhancing the productivity of major cereal crops by narrowing the yield gap between achieved and potential is intrinsically linked with the improvement of the technical inefficiency of crop production. The study aims to explore yield gaps and technical inefficiency factors for major cereals (maize, wheat, tef, sorghum, and barley) using longitudinal data sets from 2007/2008 to 2020/2021 and agricultural field survey data sets from the Central Statistics Authority and other official data sources in Ethiopia. A panel stochastic frontier approach using a true fixed-effect model was applied to estimate the elasticity coefficients of production, determinants of technical inefficiency, and their scores. The result shows productivity of the major cereals steadily increasing over the last fifteen years, with a higher rate of increase from 2013/2014 onwards, particularly for maize. However, the yield increase recorded for all major crops in 2020/2021 was below average compared to achievable yield levels recorded. The elasticity coefficients estimates with respect to cultivated area, area covered with local seed, labor, chemical fertilizer, and pesticide spray had a positive and significant effect on the crop outputs, indicating the importance of these inputs to enhancing production and productivity. However, capital and local seed had significant negative effects on sorghum and maize outputs; while use of chemical fertilizer for maize output only. The level of technical efficiency (TE) of farming improved with an increase in irrigated areas, extension service cover, amount of rainfall, and in some agroecologies. However, TE declined in moisture-sufficient agroecology for wheat and barley. Further, a mean TE score of 82.66% for maize, 85.04% for sorghum, 60.77% for wheat, 52.65% for barley, and 88.62% for teff output indicates the existence of various levels of inefficiencies. The study recommends narrowing productivity gaps for the major cereals through improving the supply and utilization of agricultural inputs, expanding irrigation, improving access to better technology; strengthening the extension system; and strengthening the agriculture-supporting research system

Perceptions of Justice and Its Impact on Work Motivation among Lecturers at Universities in Hanoi, Vietnam

Purpose: The study had the fundamental purpose of investigating perceptions of justice and its impact on work motivation among university lectures in Hanoi, Vietnam. Methodology/Approach/Design: A quantitative research approach was employed with survey questionnaire as a data collection tool. To achieve the study objective, 416 lecturers who work at public and non-public universities in Hanoi were included in this study. The correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were applied to measure the relationship between the lecturers' perceptions of justice and their work motivation. Results: Findings indicated that perceptions of justice in payment, recognition, opportunities for promotion, the attitudes, and treatments of leaders had a significant and positive correlation with lecturers' work motivation. The study also showed that Vietnamese lecturers are more concerned with non-monetary than monetary compensation, such as promotions, training, and professional development opportunities. Practical Implications: This study presents implications for Vietnam’s higher education authorities. The results might be of interest for any project aiming at motivating faculty and improving their working conditions. Originality/Value: The originality of the study is in the exploration of perception of justice and its effect of lecturers’ motivation. It is recognized that providing a justice/fairness based environment will ensure that schools can motivate their lecturers