430 research outputs found
Uncovering the Moral Heuristics of Altruism: A Philosophical Scale
Extant research suggests that individuals employ traditional moral heuristics to support their observed altruistic behavior; yet findings have largely been limited to inductive extrapolation and rely on relatively few traditional frames in so doing, namely, deontology in organizational behavior and virtue theory in law and economics. Given that these and competing moral frames such as utilitarianism can manifest as identical behavior, we develop a moral framing instrument—the Philosophical Moral-Framing Measure (PMFM)—to expand and distinguish traditional frames associated and disassociated with observed altruistic behavior. The validation of our instrument based on 1015 subjects in 3 separate real stakes scenarios indicates that heuristic forms of deontology, virtue-theory, and utilitarianism are strongly related to such behavior, and that egoism is an inhibitor. It also suggests that deontic and virtue-theoretical frames may be commonly perceived as intertwined and opens the door for new research on self-abnegation, namely, a perceived moral obligation toward suffering and self-denial. These findings hold the potential to inform ongoing conversations regarding organizational citizenship and moral crowding out, namely, how financial incentives can undermine altruistic behavior
Second-order subdifferential of 1- and maximum norm
We derive formulae for the second-order subdifferential of polyhedral norms. These formulae are fully explicit in terms of initial data. In a first step we rely on the explicit formula for the coderivative of normal cone mapping to polyhedra. Though being explicit, this formula is quite involved and difficult to apply. Therefore, we derive simple formulae for the 1-norm and -- making use of a recently obtained formula for the second-order subdifferential of the maximum function -- for the maximum norm
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Second-order subdifferential of 1- and maximum norm
We derive formulae for the second-order subdifferential of polyhedral
norms. These formulae are fully explicit in terms of initial data. In a first
step we rely on the explicit formula for the coderivative of normal cone
mapping to polyhedra. Though being explicit, this formula is quite involved
and difficult to apply. Therefore, we derive simple formulae for the 1-norm
an
Classroom Management
This project focused its research on how various teachers implement classroom management into their classrooms. The definition of classroom management used for this project is from The Glossary of Education Reform, which says classroom management refers to the “wide variety of skills and techniques that teachers and schools use to keep students organized, orderly, focused, attentive, on task, and academically productive during a class” (Great Schools Partnership, 2014, p. 1). The purpose of this project was to determine how various teachers incorporate classroom management into their classrooms. Two schools were used during this project where two principals were interviewed and three teachers’ classroom management styles were observed and then inquired about with follow-up interviews. One result of this research was the discovery of new methods of classroom management to use in my future classroom. I was able to see how various middle level teachers were successful with their classroom management techniques and why that is. Then I researched what theories supported the use of their techniques from scholarly literature including Building Classroom Discipline (Charles, 2014), Training Our Future Teachers: Classroom Management (Greenberg, Putnam, and Walsh, 2014) and Classroom Management: Research for Beginning Teachers (Borden, 2013). In summary, I conducted a multiple case study that was descriptive and exploratory. I asked the how and why questions of classroom management and learned the theories behind classroom management from scholarly literature
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A simple formula for the second-order subdifferential of maximum functions
We derive a simple formula for the second-order subdifferential of the
maximum of coordinates which allows us to construct this set immediately from
its argument and the direction to which it is applied. This formula can be
combined with a chain rule recently proved by Mordukhovich and Rockafellar
[9] in order to derive a similarly simple formula for the extended partial
second-order subdifferential of finite maxima of smooth functions. Analogous
formulae can be derived immediately for the full and conventional partial
secondorder subdifferentials
A simple formula for the second-order subdifferential of maximum functions
We derive a simple formula for the second-order subdifferential of the maximum of coordinates which allows us to construct this set immediately from its argument and the direction to which it is applied. This formula can be combined with a chain rule recently proved by Mordukhovich and Rockafellar [9] in order to derive a similarly simple formula for the extended partial second-order subdifferential of finite maxima of smooth functions. Analogous formulae can be derived immediately for the full and conventional partial second-order subdifferentials
Clinical Implications of Cancer Stem Cell Properties in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
PhDCD44 has been described as a marker of cancer stem cells in oral squamous
cell carcinoma (OSCC). The main objective of this study was to characterise
expression of CD44 in both fresh samples of human OSCC and in cell lines
generated from them, and to examine its correlation with selected clinicopathological
parameters of the tumours of origin.
The epithelial fraction in 20 fresh OSCC samples was identified by the
standard method using the negative selection technique with antibodies
against non-tumour cells. A novel method of identifying the epithelial fraction,
termed positive selection, was also developed and used for analysis of 14
additional OSCC samples. This new method, using epithelial-specific
antibodies, led to a considerable improvement in the efficiency and the
accuracy of the procedure.
The frequency of CD44+ cells in the epithelial fraction of the tumour
specimens was assessed by FACS and varied widely (3-97%). High
frequency of CD44+ cells in tumour samples was found to be associated with
high tumour grade, discohesive invasion front and presence of lymph node
metastases (p<0.01, as calculated with Spearman’s ranked test and Fisher’s
exact test).
It was also observed, that the percentage of CD44+ cells changes when cells
isolated from tumour samples are propagated in culture. Nearly all cells in
cell lines generated from OSCC samples showed CD44 expression when
analysed by FACS. However, a markedly higher level of CD44 expression
(as assessed by median fluorescence intensity for cell surface CD44) was
found for early passage cell lines generated from metastatic OSCC and
lymph node metastases as compared to cell lines generated from nonmetastatic
OSCC.
These findings show that a high frequency of CD44+ cells in fresh OSCC
tissue and a high level of CD44 expression in cultured OSCC cells correlate
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with more aggressive tumour behaviour. These results might provide
important information of prognostic and therapeutic value
Health Misinformation During Epidemiological Crises
Health misinformation is more prevalent than ever in the modern age and poses serious risks for those who believe it. Medical fallacies can become especially harmful during periods of widespread disease when the misinformed respond in ways that increase threats to public health. The purpose of this systematic review is to describe and critically appraise the evidence about how health misinformation during endemics and pandemics can influence behaviors and responses, as well as the implications of interventions affecting these behaviors. A systematic search of the literature with inclusion/exclusion criteria using CINAHL Plus with Full Text, MEDLINE, and PsychINFO resulted in an analysis of twenty primary sources. In general, researchers have found that health misinformation has been prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic and endemic outbreaks of Ebola, Zika, and measles. A significant proportion of individuals believe misinformation, and evidence supports that the tendency to believe misinformation is related to predictive factors such as the propensity for conspiracy thinking, decreased literacy skills, increased social media usage, younger age, and fear. Implications of findings for interventions include using social media to promote accurate information, building public trust in the government and healthcare system, and ensuring the public has access to accurate information
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