Survival and Movement of Adult Rainbow Trout During Winter and Spring in the Henrys Fork of the Snake River

Discharge downstream from Island Park Dam on the Henrys Fork of the Snake River in Idaho is reduced each winter to facilitate storage of irrigation water. The effect this has on survival and movement of adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in this area is unknown. Additionally, fish movement during the spring has not been evaluated but may affect population estimates conducted in the tailwater monitoring area downstream from Island Park Dam prior to opening of fishing season. Therefore, we used radio telemetry to evaluate winter survival and movement of 61 adult rainbow trout in the Henrys Fork downstream from Island Park Dam under low and extremely low early winter flow conditions. Spring movement was also evaluated to asses whether the population estimates conducted in the monitoring area each spring represent fish from downstream adjacent reaches of the river, and how emigration between mark and recapture periods may affect the population estimate. Survival of radio-tagged trout was nearly 100 percent during early winter under both low and extremely low flow conditions and winter movement did not differ between the two years. Few radio-tagged rainbow trout from downriver were present in the monitoring reach during the time when the population estimate is normally conducted, indicating that large fluctuations in fish numbers in downstream reaches would likely be undetected based on population estimates conducted in the monitoring area. To remedy this, establishing a separate, regular population monitoring area in downstream reaches is recommended. We determined emigration from the monitoring reach between mark and recapture to have a minimal effect on the population estimate. However, we noted that all radio-tagged trout moving out of the monitoring reach during May moved into a short section of river between the monitoring reach and Island Park Dam, presumably to spawn. Therefore, emigration could be largely eliminated by extending the monitoring reach upstream to the dam

A method for characterizing high acceleration movements in small-sided football

Small sided football is the most popular area of adult football in the UK, with an estimated 1.5m adults playing every week. Matches are played on smaller pitches using different rules to the 11-a-side game; this results in less stoppage time and a higher volume of ball activity per player. Despite these established differences in playing style and the increase in participation, the types and frequencies of movements performed are not fully understood due to the time consuming nature of current notational analysis methods. Understanding movements is of particular interest to researchers and developers seeking task representative protocols and products for small sided football. The importance of movement type, specifically those with high horizontal plane accelerations, has been demonstrated by recent findings linking traction and shoe stiffness to injury and performance in a number of team sports. In this paper we introduce a new motion analysis technique that uses a combination of inertial sensors and manual notational analysis to describe high acceleration movements in a repeatable and more time effective manner than previously published. A recreational 5-a-side team (mean ± SD: age 17.8 ± 0.26 years, body height 1.77 ± 0.05 m, body mass 74.23 ± 16.25 kg) were observed during one season at a commercial football centre. Player mounted sensors were used to identify 1824 high acceleration movements from three players in seven matches. These movements were then classified using operational definitions adapted from notational analysis literature. This paper outlines a high acceleration movement analysis technique, provides normative high acceleration movement profiles for three individual 5-a-side players, and suggests comparisons to published 11-a-side data. These movement profiles provide a foundation for footwear researchers and product designers to re-align their current practice or products from the 11-a-side game to this more popular style of football

Comparison of contacting wet and dry gas seals for main pipeline pumps in NGL services

TutorialsRecent incident reports and studies of pipeline equipment indicate that pump seal performance is likely at the root of a significant increase in releases to the environment. Although these releases are small compared to a breach in a pipeline, they are of great concern to pipeline companies. While crude oil and refined fluid pipelines have been around for a long time, the pumping of natural gas liquids (NGLs) such as ethane, propane, butane and various mixtures of these liquids is relatively new and presents demanding challenges for the mechanical seal manufacturer and pump OEM’s. API (American Petroleum Institute) 682, the governing mechanical seal standard for mechanical seals in hydrocarbon services, is a great foundation for the sealing of process plant equipment. However, for pipeline services API 682 is of limited use due to more demanding operating conditions as well as the different operating character of pipeline pumps. Generally, two seal face lubrication technologies can be applied to seal NGL Pipeline Pumps with dual unpressurized seals: A contacting wet lubricated mechanical seal (2CW-CS / Arrangement 2 Contacting Wet – Containment Seal) A non-contacting Dry Gas Seal (2NC-CS / Arrangement 2 Non Contacting – Containment Seal) Both sealing solutions include a high-pressure non-contacting containment seal to protect the environment. Within this paper we discuss the general design aspects for two different sealing technologies, in particular the leakage and friction behavior in NGL services. The impact of critical operating parameters like vapor pressure and temperature margin, flush flow rates, ed. In addition, the safety, leakage containment and monitoring related aspects are described, summarized and compared with the mechanical seal recommendations

Analysis of Fcγ receptor haplotypes in rheumatoid arthritis: FCGR3A remains a major susceptibility gene at this locus, with an additional contribution from FCGR3B

The Fcγ receptors play important roles in the initiation and regulation of many immunological and inflammatory processes, and genetic variants (FCGR) have been associated with numerous autoimmune and infectious diseases. The data in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are conflicting and we previously demonstrated an association between FCGR3A and RA. In view of the close molecular proximity with FCGR2A, FCGR2B and FCGR3B, additional polymorphisms within these genes and FCGR haplotypes were examined to refine the extent of association with RA. Biallelic polymorphisms in FCGR2A, FCGR2B and FCGR3B were examined for association with RA in two well characterized UK Caucasian and North Indian/Pakistani cohorts, in which FCGR3A genotyping had previously been undertaken. Haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium were estimated across the FCGR locus and a model-free analysis was performed to determine association with RA. This was followed by regression analysis, allowing for phase uncertainty, to identify the particular haplotype(s) that influences disease risk. Our results reveal that FCGR2A, FCGR2B and FCGR3B were not associated with RA. The haplotype with the strongest association with RA susceptibility was the FCGR3A–FCGR3B 158V-NA2 haplotype (odds ratio 3.18, 95% confidence interval 1.13–8.92 [P = 0.03] for homozygotes compared with all genotypes). The association was stronger in the presence of nodules (odds ratio 5.03, 95% confidence interval 1.44–17.56; P = 0.01). This haplotype was also more common in North Indian/Pakistani RA patients than in control individuals, but not significantly so. Logistic regression analyses suggested that FCGR3A remained the most significant gene at this locus. The increased association with an FCGR3A–FCGR3B haplotype suggests that other polymorphic variants within FCGR3A or FCGR3B, or in linkage disequilibrium with this haplotype, may additionally contribute to disease pathogenesis

Effect of Feeding Field Peas on Fresh Beef Quality

Th is study was conducted over two years to evaluate the use of field peas during two phases of production (grazing and finishing) on overall fresh beef quality. The backgrounding treatments included: no supplement, field peas, or dry- rolled corn and finishing treatments included the presence or absence of field peas. Loin samples (n = 232) were aged for 14 d and placed under retail display conditions for 7 d. Dietary treatments had no effect on tenderness (WBSF or SSF) or visual discoloration and minimal effects on objective color, lipid oxidation and fatty acid composition. These data indicate field peas may be used as an alternative feed for growing and finishing cattle with minimal to no negative impact on fresh meat quality

Effect of Feeding Field Peas on Fresh Beef Quality

Th is study was conducted over two years to evaluate the use of field peas during two phases of production (grazing and finishing) on overall fresh beef quality. The backgrounding treatments included: no supplement, field peas, or dry- rolled corn and finishing treatments included the presence or absence of field peas. Loin samples (n = 232) were aged for 14 d and placed under retail display conditions for 7 d. Dietary treatments had no effect on tenderness (WBSF or SSF) or visual discoloration and minimal effects on objective color, lipid oxidation and fatty acid composition. These data indicate field peas may be used as an alternative feed for growing and finishing cattle with minimal to no negative impact on fresh meat quality

Third generation artificial pitch quality in commercial football centers

Small sided football is the most popular and fastest growing area of adult football in the UK with an estimated 1.5m adults playing every week. The sport's popularity has led to an influx of commercial football centers offering organized 5, 6 and 7-a-side leagues on third generation artificial pitches. The range of quality and maintenance of these pitches is not fully understood despite the established links between surface quality, player performance and injury. Currently researchers and manufacturers use national governing body standards as guidelines for quality; however, many commercial centers are not approved by governing bodies and therefore are not obliged to meet these criteria. In this paper we characterize the quality of 23 pitches at five, UK based, commercial football centers using portable, low cost methods including; the FIFA rotational resistance test, the Clegg Impact Hammer and an infill depth probe. This paper describes the range of qualities observed, alongside maintenance procedures and usage statistics. To the authors knowledge this is the first study that characterizes commercial football center pitches. Twenty-two of the 23 pitches met the FIFA 1 star guidelines for rotational resistance (25 - 50 Nm), however, mean Clegg Impact Hammer readings are high (208 G), suggesting surface compliance in commercial centers falls outside FIFA standards. Within pitch variance was common at all centers and was an order of magnitude higher in some pitch comparisons. These findings have two practical implications; 1) pitch quality and maintenance at commercial centers is highly variable across and within pitches, 2) the harder surfaces and the high levels of variability found in commercial football centers suggests that players require footwear researched and designed specifically for these conditions

Contrasting perspectives of strategy making: applications in 'Hyper' environments

We revisit the original meaning of turbulence in the socioecological tradition of organization studies and outline a perspective on strategy making grounded in that tradition. This entails a contrast of the socioecological perspective with the more well-known neoclassical perspective on strategy, based on their core decision premises and their different understandings of environmental turbulence. We argue that while some mainstream strategy approaches have taken important strides toward addressing advanced turbulence, many others remain tethered to the neoclassical origins of the strategy discipline and are insufficiently responsive to the new landscape of strategy that now characterizes many industries. This new landscape is construed as the ‘hyper environment’, in which positive feedback processes and emergent field effects produce high volatility. We use two case illustrations from the US healthcare sector to examine how neoclassical and socioecological perspectives contribute to strategizing in hyper environments. Implications for strategic management theory and practice flow from this analysis

Case Reports1. A Late Presentation of Loeys-Dietz Syndrome: Beware of TGFβ Receptor Mutations in Benign Joint Hypermobility

Background: Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) and dissections are not uncommon causes of sudden death in young adults. Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a rare, recently described, autosomal dominant, connective tissue disease characterized by aggressive arterial aneurysms, resulting from mutations in the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor genes TGFBR1 and TGFBR2. Mean age at death is 26.1 years, most often due to aortic dissection. We report an unusually late presentation of LDS, diagnosed following elective surgery in a female with a long history of joint hypermobility. Methods: A 51-year-old Caucasian lady complained of chest pain and headache following a dural leak from spinal anaesthesia for an elective ankle arthroscopy. CT scan and echocardiography demonstrated a dilated aortic root and significant aortic regurgitation. MRA demonstrated aortic tortuosity, an infrarenal aortic aneurysm and aneurysms in the left renal and right internal mammary arteries. She underwent aortic root repair and aortic valve replacement. She had a background of long-standing joint pains secondary to hypermobility, easy bruising, unusual fracture susceptibility and mild bronchiectasis. She had one healthy child age 32, after which she suffered a uterine prolapse. Examination revealed mild Marfanoid features. Uvula, skin and ophthalmological examination was normal. Results: Fibrillin-1 testing for Marfan syndrome (MFS) was negative. Detection of a c.1270G > C (p.Gly424Arg) TGFBR2 mutation confirmed the diagnosis of LDS. Losartan was started for vascular protection. Conclusions: LDS is a severe inherited vasculopathy that usually presents in childhood. It is characterized by aortic root dilatation and ascending aneurysms. There is a higher risk of aortic dissection compared with MFS. Clinical features overlap with MFS and Ehlers Danlos syndrome Type IV, but differentiating dysmorphogenic features include ocular hypertelorism, bifid uvula and cleft palate. Echocardiography and MRA or CT scanning from head to pelvis is recommended to establish the extent of vascular involvement. Management involves early surgical intervention, including early valve-sparing aortic root replacement, genetic counselling and close monitoring in pregnancy. Despite being caused by loss of function mutations in either TGFβ receptor, paradoxical activation of TGFβ signalling is seen, suggesting that TGFβ antagonism may confer disease modifying effects similar to those observed in MFS. TGFβ antagonism can be achieved with angiotensin antagonists, such as Losartan, which is able to delay aortic aneurysm development in preclinical models and in patients with MFS. Our case emphasizes the importance of timely recognition of vasculopathy syndromes in patients with hypermobility and the need for early surgical intervention. It also highlights their heterogeneity and the potential for late presentation. Disclosures: The authors have declared no conflicts of interes

Basic science232. Certolizumab pegol prevents pro-inflammatory alterations in endothelial cell function

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a major comorbidity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and a leading cause of death. Chronic systemic inflammation involving tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) could contribute to endothelial activation and atherogenesis. A number of anti-TNF therapies are in current use for the treatment of RA, including certolizumab pegol (CZP), (Cimzia ®; UCB, Belgium). Anti-TNF therapy has been associated with reduced clinical cardiovascular disease risk and ameliorated vascular function in RA patients. However, the specific effects of TNF inhibitors on endothelial cell function are largely unknown. Our aim was to investigate the mechanisms underpinning CZP effects on TNF-activated human endothelial cells. Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs) were cultured in vitro and exposed to a) TNF alone, b) TNF plus CZP, or c) neither agent. Microarray analysis was used to examine the transcriptional profile of cells treated for 6 hrs and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysed gene expression at 1, 3, 6 and 24 hrs. NF-κB localization and IκB degradation were investigated using immunocytochemistry, high content analysis and western blotting. Flow cytometry was conducted to detect microparticle release from HAoECs. Results: Transcriptional profiling revealed that while TNF alone had strong effects on endothelial gene expression, TNF and CZP in combination produced a global gene expression pattern similar to untreated control. The two most highly up-regulated genes in response to TNF treatment were adhesion molecules E-selectin and VCAM-1 (q 0.2 compared to control; p > 0.05 compared to TNF alone). The NF-κB pathway was confirmed as a downstream target of TNF-induced HAoEC activation, via nuclear translocation of NF-κB and degradation of IκB, effects which were abolished by treatment with CZP. In addition, flow cytometry detected an increased production of endothelial microparticles in TNF-activated HAoECs, which was prevented by treatment with CZP. Conclusions: We have found at a cellular level that a clinically available TNF inhibitor, CZP reduces the expression of adhesion molecule expression, and prevents TNF-induced activation of the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, CZP prevents the production of microparticles by activated endothelial cells. This could be central to the prevention of inflammatory environments underlying these conditions and measurement of microparticles has potential as a novel prognostic marker for future cardiovascular events in this patient group. Disclosure statement: Y.A. received a research grant from UCB. I.B. received a research grant from UCB. S.H. received a research grant from UCB. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interes